Importance of a Foreign Language Proved
For years, I’ve thought it’d be ok that people could speak and use their mother tongue. But I’ve changed my thought since I realized that we’re living in a country where people can’t get the uncensored information freely and conveniently.
If you’ve learned another language, such as English, the language most internationally used, we can get the varied information from thousands of ways for our choices.
About 85% of information online is offered in the English language. The cyberworld is just like a kaleidoscope, it’s available all the time for us to pick the color we prefer. Obviously, the authorities have been full aware of it that the free ways for getting information must be under their control, or so-called “unhealthy” information would exert some subtle influence on the populace. So a part of “specified” websites abroad should be blocked and those “unqualified” at home be banned. But if we’re willing to spend a few more minutes, we still can get to these websites abroad with some technics.
As the situation of barring the freedom of speech is getting worse, our learning and using a foreign language are becoming more and more important. That’s the reason that the overquoted cliché, a foreign language is a weapon for the people, tells us so. The English language IS a weapon for us to fight for our human rights, such as the freedom of speech and the choices of religions. We need more uncensored information for our independent thinkings.
I urge you to have a good study of a foreign language, whatever the language to be. We must use the weapons of languages to struggle for our liberty, for us, for the children, and for the children’s children!
今天突然脑子里冒出fool这个词,虽然简单,但是蛮好用的。平时有不少说法跟fool有关,例如说一个人在“做傻瓜”,“装傻相(逗人一乐)”或是“胡闹”,都可用to act/play the fool这个短语,老师教训学生时就会说:Stop acting the fool and start studying seriously.(别再胡闹了,认真学习去。)我们也常常遇到有人恶作剧,愚弄某人,让某人出丑,这时就可以用to make a fool of somebody/someone,说某人做傻事也可以用这个短语表达,如:Think twice, or you’ll make a fool of yourself.(别头脑发热,要不你会干出傻事。)有人被骗,自然就有精明的要命的家伙,如:Don’t try a trick on Mike – he’s nobody’s fool.(别跟迈克耍花样,他可不是傻子。)
我们都有做白日梦的体会,偶尔体验一下就好了,也有一些热衷于此的,不但如此,还飘飘然起来,他们的这种虚幻的幸福,虚无缥缈的乐境,用英语来说,就叫a fool’s paradise,其实,even smart Jack has his fool’s paradise.(就连聪明人也会有他的虚幻幸福。)做任何事情,要是没有明确的目标、有效的方法,到头来往往要白费力气、徒劳无功,英语的说法可以是a fool’s errand,如:Today’s Wednesday, but the boss sent him on a fool’s errand to buy a newspaper that comes out until Friday.(今天才周三,老板却让他白跑一趟,去买份要到周五才出版的报纸。)
前面说的都是跟fool有关的短语,最后送大家两句sayings,其一:A fool and his money are soon parted.(蠢人有钱留不住;傻瓜不积财。)我总是赚多少花多少,这么说来,I’m a real fool;其二:There’s no fool like an old fool.(没有比老傻瓜更傻的了;老年荒唐真叫荒唐。)
diplomatic 是 diploma 的派生词,diploma 源自希腊语,原来指的是 folded document(对折的公文),diplomat 原指持有 diploma 的政府官员,后来用于特指“外交官”,diplomatic 起初表示“有关公文的”,后来指“外交(上)的”,又引申出“有外交手腕的”或“老练的”的含义,后来又派生出 diplomacy(外交,外交手腕)一词,这是英国政论家伯克(Edmund Burke)于1796年根据 diplomat 创造的。
miss 作动词源自古英语词 missan;作名词源自 mitress,而mistress源自古法语词 maistre(意为master)的阴性形式 maistresse.
还请给说miss的vt.
未得到, 未达到, 未听到, 思念, 未觉察, 错过, 遗漏, 逃脱
vi.
失败, 击不中
这几个词义的来源
miss一词的这些中文含义,实际上是相关联的,某种程度上,是相通的,只是汉语在翻译的时候根据上下文选择不同的措辞,才有了这么多区别又有联系的含义。根本上,miss一词也源自前缀mis-,这个前缀的含义基本上不是负面的,就是贬义的,这些含义诸如:amiss, badly, wrongly, mistakenly, bad, wrong, faulty, perverse, misdirected, erroneously, perversely等。这些汉语含义之中最为特别的一个就是“思念”,实际上就是“不能在面前看到”或“错过面对面的机会”之意,这才引申出“思念”的意思,本质上,miss意为“思念”时,还是有一种负面的潜在含义。
英语单词,任何语言的词语,都是从一个基本意义开始的,逐渐引申开,才有了各种各样的含义,虽然有些含义后来模糊了本源,但还是与最早的含义有所联系,只是我们需要借助一些工具书,将某一单词的所有含义作出对比,就很容易得出这样的结论。
时至今日,“左”与“右”已经不单单表示单纯的位置了,人类在上面负载了许多文化的、政治的意含。在西方文化中,确切地说是西方的一些迷信观念认为在“左边”是不吉利的、邪恶的,例如英语里说一个人的心情不好,有个习语就是to have get out of bed on the wrong side,这里的wrong side指的就是“左边”,英美人认为从左边下床是不好的,类似中国人觉得“撞鬼”,之后就会心情不好。据说,穿鞋穿衣先从左脚左手边开始也是不好的。
英语的词汇中,与右边有关的大多是褒义词,相对的,与左边有关的多是贬义词。我们最熟悉的right含义就不少,除了表示“右边”,也是“对的”,还是“权利”。美国最高法院(Supreme Court of the United States)的门前的右侧就有一尊司法女神的塑像,女神的眼镜是被蒙上的,表示不从事物的表面判断对错,以示公正,这跟我们希望执法者“视力”不错的“明察秋毫”有所不同。女神的右手握着剑,表示正当的(right)权力;左手握着象征司法公平的秤(scales)。与right(右边的)同义的dexter是个拉丁语借词,除了“右边的,右手的”含义,还意为“预兆吉祥的”。
单词sinister(不吉的;有害的;阴险的;邪恶的)也是个拉丁语借词,在拉丁语中,sinister意为“左的”,“左边的”,现在这一含义只用于纹章学中,意为“(盾章)左边的”,反义词就是dexter. 其实在古罗马时代,sinister具有正反两义,“吉祥的”与“不吉祥的”。罗马的占卜师占卜时,面朝南,东方就在左边;希腊的占卜师习惯面朝北,左手边成了西方。
他们都视东方为吉祥,因此,在罗马,左为吉祥;在希腊,右为吉祥。只是后来,视左边不祥的观念占了上风,sinister进入英语时也就成了贬义词。视西方不祥的观念可能是因为西方是日落的方向,希腊历史学家、传记作家Plutarch(普卢塔克)就是这么解释的。想来也不无道理,汉语中的“日薄西山”就隐含着不祥之意。
从dexter还派生出一些词语,如形容词dexterous/dextrous即意为“灵巧的,手巧的;敏捷的,机敏的;右手灵便的”;名词dexterity意为“(手)灵巧,熟练;(头脑)敏捷,机敏;用惯右手”。此外,dextro-/dextr-也是个词根,意为“向右的”,“右旋的”,如ambidextrous(双手都很灵巧的),这个词也含有dextrous,可见英美人对“右边”的偏爱。看来不单在中国,在老外眼中,左撇子也具有某种特殊地位。
法语借词gauche的词义演变也有类似的情况,法语中gauche意为“左的”,可在英语中,意为“不善交际的;不灵活的;笨拙的,不机智的”;adroit,意为“熟练的,灵巧的,敏捷的,机灵的”,也源自法语,在法语中droit即指“右”。
政治方面,左派、右派(Left and Right)均源自英国议会(Parliament),传统的英国议会中,Whigs(辉格党,即工党Labor Party的前身)一向坐在议事大厅的左侧,而Tories(托利党,即保守党Conservative Party的前身)则坐在右边。在美国,Democrats(民主党)的政治立场是中间偏左,又被称为Liberals(自由派),而Republicans(共和党)为中间偏右,又被称为Conservatives(保守派)。
扯远了,先写到这里吧!
每个人都有心情不好的时候,我最近的心情也不大好。英语里跟sad有关的词语有不少,了解一下这些词语之间的联系、区别,有助于我们更准确地表达我们的想法。
这些词语中,最常见的就数sad了,sad一般不用于名词之前,sad常常用于形容一段快乐时光过后出现的那种不快乐的情绪,或者用于形容你对某人不快而感受到的歉意,如:Jane felt sad as she waved goodbye. / Why is Mike looking so sad?
既然sad的解释是not happy,那unhappy也就是sad的近义词了,unhappy常常用来形容一种境遇、一份工作或者一段人际关系带来的不愉快,而且似乎还要持续一段较长的时间,如:Jim was very unhappy at school. / Her parents’ divorce left her feeling confused and unhappy.
接着是upset一词,类似sad,upset通常也不用于名词之前,upset指的是因为一些令人非常不快或失望的事情发生,使人震动或者想哭的那种不快乐的感觉,如:Mary is too upset to speak to anyone at the moment. / The kids were very upset when we told them that we wouldn’t be going to Disneyland. 一些人对你不友善、态度恶劣使你几乎要哭出来的感觉就是upset,如:It was awful thing for her to say, but there’s no point in getting upset about it.
depressed也是通常不用在名词前面的,不爽很久了,觉得自己的未来没什么转机了就可以用这个词形容,如:Bob’s been very depressed since he lost his job last year. / Kate gets depressed about her weight. 不过,depressed也可用在一些身染重症的人身上,他们的境况使他们无法像常人一样生活而郁郁寡欢。
生活中,我们有时会郁闷得什么都不想干,而且脑子里转得的都是自己怎么运气不好或者被人怎么不公平对待,这时的感受,用口语来说也很简单,即:I’m feeling sorry for myself.
homesick指的是因为离家很远,见不到家人、朋友,又想回家的那种所谓的“思乡之情”,感觉蛮乡愿的。如:My little brother was homesick when he first went to college.
当一个被你信任并且引为朋友的人对你不好,让你觉得沮丧、震动时,就可以用hurt来形容这样的心情,如:Tom felt very hurt when he realized she had lied to him. 其中的very hurt就是我们常说的“很受伤”。与上面的upset, depressed类似,也不用在名词之前。
最后再说一个offended,不用于名词之前。当有人对你无理或不尊重,让你觉得失望愤怒时,就是offended要描述的情绪。如:Joan’ll be offended if you don’t thank her for her help. / John gets very offended if you criticize his work.
请给串串farfetched/牵强的
far-fetched 是个“合成词”,far 源自意为 distant 的古英语词 feor;fetch 源自意为 to bring back 的古英语词 feccean,该词又可追溯到意为 to walk,stumble,fall 的拉丁语词根 PED-.
far-fetched 的字面义即将两个不相干的东西扯到一起
请问楼住abandon,quit,desert,discard,这几个抛弃有区别吗
abandon和quit算一类,都含有stop之意。abandon常用于指做事还没完成就放弃的情况,尤其用于因为太难或遇到太多难题时,如:abandon a plan/attempt/search/policy, etc. quit是典型的美语用词,用于当某事让人觉得困难或不快,抑或打搅了其他人时不继续做下去的情况,如quit smoking等。
desert意为“丢开,抛弃”,如: Tom feels that his father deserted him after his parents' divorce.;“擅离(职守)”,如:Our officials said 300 enemy soldiers had deserted.;“遗弃,丢弃”,如:The house in the woods seems to have been deserted by its owners.;“(某种情感)消失了,找不到”,如:Her confidence seemed to have deserted her.
discard意为“除去,扔掉”,如:Someone discarded newspapers in the room.,也可用于比喻,如:Now she dicards all thoughts of promotion.;还用于指纸牌游戏中的垫牌。
英语中四个最古老的单词是apple, bad, gold, tin. 依次写来:
这个apple,对于英语初学者,大概没有不知道的,apple源自古英语,拼写变化不大,在古英语中作aeppel. 不过很多人大概不知道apple跟tomato之间的联系,说来也很有意思,二者原本相距甚远。约在19世纪早期之前,大多数美洲人以为tomato有毒而不能食用,因此一度称tomato为wolf apple(狼果)或wolf peach. 旧时,tomato有个美称,即love apple或apple of love(爱情之果)。一般认为这一名称源自误译。西班牙人从南美引进tomato,不久将其输出到摩洛哥,意大利商人又将其从摩洛哥带往罗马。这样,意大利语中将tomato称为pomo dei Moro,相当于英文的apple of the Moors(摩尔人之果)。当年欧洲人将非洲西北部地中海沿岸的伊斯兰教徒,包括摩洛哥人在内,统称为Moors(摩尔人)。法国人又从意大利引进tomato,误以为意大利语的dei Moro(摩尔人的)相当于法语的d’amour(爱情的),于是,tomato在法语中成了pomme d’amour(爱情之果),英语的说法即从法语得来。由于这一误解,加之tomato本身鲜艳夺目,无怪乎欧洲的青年一度将其视为爱情的象征。
与apple有关的常用成语有两个:其一,the apple of someone’s eye,意为“最心爱的人;掌上明珠”,不过短语中的apple指的是瞳孔(pupil of the eye)而不是“苹果”,表示某人对自己十分重要,视其如自己的眼珠一样珍贵。如:Mike is the apple of his parents’ eye. 其二,a/the bad/rotten apple,意为“坏蛋;坏家伙;害群之马”,如:He’s the rotten apple of his class.(他是班上的害群之马。)
最后送各位一个和apple有关的saying:An apple a day keeps the doctor away.(日啖一苹果,医生不近我。)健康对所有人都很重要,毕竟,身体是实现所有梦想的本钱嘛!
bad一词简化自中世纪英语词badde,主干不变。不过,bad更早的来源就不明确了,根据《牛津英语大词典》的说法,可能源自古英语词baeddel. 其实是不是这样现在也只有词源学家关心了。大家都知道,bad的比较级与最高级是worse, worst,不过现在非标准用法已经出现badder, baddest的形式了,说不定会最终取代worse/worst这哥俩。
自从13世纪bad在英语中出现,就渐渐成为ill和evil的同义词,也是good最基本的反义词。事情的发展总是出乎很多人的意料,至迟到了20世纪中叶,bad在黑人英语中有了跟good同义的用法。并且,当bad意为“有势力的;有办法的;有影响力的”等的俚语时,对应的比较级、最高级即badder/baddest. 因为是俚语,除非要造成某种特殊效果,否则在正式场合还是少用为佳。
跟bad有关的idioms也是不少的,如to go from bad to worse即“越来越坏;每况愈下;变本加厉”,如:Things went from bad to worse, she got divorced and then lost her job. 再如to go to the bad即“堕落;道德败坏”之意,如:The kid was never in trouble before; but he went to the bad after his dad died. 美国俚语中有in bad with sb的用法,意为“失去(某人的)欢心;失宠”,如:Tom got in bad with his girl for not taking her to the movies.(汤姆没带女友去看电影,两人因此翻脸。)口语中,not half bad即quite good; very good,如:How’s your trip abroad? – It wasn’t half bad; it’s warm and sunny all the time.
还有,bad blood意为“不和;仇恨”常和between连用,如:All the bad blood between them was forgotten when they had to unite against the enemy. 这话颇有“攘外必先安内”的味道,对于玩政治的人就是如此,共同的敌人就能使敌对的双方联合起来。再有,a bad egg即可指“坏蛋”亦可指“糟糕的计划”,如:There’s 10 people on the trip with us, only Peter never paid for his share of anything – he always was a bad egg. 再说一个,the big bad wolf,原指童话故事中想吃掉三只小猪的狼,现在意为“构成威胁的人或物;引起恐惧的东西”,如:Everyone was afraid that war would break out. It’s the big bad wolf at that time.
还有不少跟bad有关的idioms,大家可以自己总结归纳。
接着是gold,从古英语直至现代英语,gold一词的形式一直保持不变,除了增加一些新的含义,gold的基本词义也没什么变化。其形容词形式golden是中世纪时从gold派生的,取代了早先的gilden。
在人类的历史之中,gold作为财富的象征,扮演了重要的角色。“人为财死,鸟为食亡”,还是有许多人前覆后继,为了gold不惜搭上身家性命。
有个很著名的希腊故事,主角是Phrygia(弗利治亚)的King Midas(迈达斯国王)。传奇中的他非常贪婪,求神让他有一种能把摸到的东西都变成gold的能力。他如愿之后,手碰到什么,什么就变成黄金。饿了想吃东西了,可食物一到手上就成了黄金;小女儿和他握手时,她也变成了黄金雕像……他成了世界上最富有的人,也成了世界上最倒霉的人。由于他的超能力给自己带来了无穷的灾难,急忙回去求神收回赋予他的超能力。
这样英语中留下了Midas touch这个idiom,指一个人做什么就成功、就赚钱的能力,即“点金术”,虽然Midas本人是个反面教材,但Midas touch是褒义的,有时还含有几分羡慕的语气。如:Tom is a unique performer with the Midas touch.
与gold有关的idioms有好几个,如to have a heart of gold,中文说“(某人)有颗金子般的心”即从此而来,如:Bill is a tough guy with a heart of gold. 又如口语中说to be like gold dust,意为“(某种物/人)稀有而珍贵”,如:Good gardeners are like gold dust – we just can’t find one to help with our garden. 再如(as) good as gold常用来形容小孩子规规矩矩或很有礼貌,如:The kids are as good as gold when they go visit their grandfather. 以前的人迷信,在彩虹的落地处可挖出一罐黄金,于是有了the/a crock/pot of gold at the end of rainbow的说法,指“永远得不到的报酬或财富”,其中的crock/pot可以有复数变化。
最后还是送出一句saying,也许很多人早就知道,再重复一次无妨:all that glitters/glisters/glistens is not gold. 闪光的并不都是金子哦!
这个tin也是从古英语直到现代英语拼写保持不变的词。tin的含义很多,可作名词、形容词或动词,这些含义基本上都和金属锡或罐头有关。我们常说的“一听可乐”,其中的“听”就是tin的音译,作量词,主要用于英式英语,在美语中的对应词为can;比较特别的含义是作n.时,在美国俚语中指警察的徽章,也可代指警察,也是“钱”的俚语说法之一;作adj.时,可表示“无价值的,蹩脚的;假冒的”。
tin跟can并用时,即tin can除了表示“锡杯,锡罐;罐头;洋铁罐”之外,在美国俚语中还是“老式汽车”之意,而在美国海军的俚语中可表示“小驱逐舰,潜艇”或“深水炸弹”。还有一些美国俚语含有tin的,很有创意,如:tin cow是“罐头牛奶”;tin fish是“鱼雷”;tinhorn既是adj.也是n.,意为“不值钱的,吹牛的;无聊人物,浅薄的花花公子,赌金少的赌徒”;tinstar是“私家侦探”。
也有一些与tin有关的idioms,例如:a little tin god,意为“自以为了不起的人;不知天高地厚的人”,如:That guy I spoke at the revenue office thought I was wasting his valuable time – he’s a real little tin god.(税务局那个接待我的家伙认为我在浪费他的宝贵时间——他还真是自命不凡!)又如口语中的to put the tin lid on,也作to put the lid on,意为“终止(活动等);使(希望等)破灭;结束”,如:His business went pretty well before the war, but the war put the (tin) lid on his trade.(他的生意在战前还不错,不过战争来了,他的买卖就没戏了。)
在英语中,类似tin这样的小词还有很多,小词总有大作用,大家可别小看它们!
德国的世界杯就要结束了,我这个伪球迷也在最后这些天开始看球了。一般来说,足球叫football,可是到了老美那边,他们的football指的是“橄榄球”,而管“足球”叫soccer;但英国人管“橄榄球”叫Rugby football.
football是个合成词,浅显易懂,据说现代足球源自中国古代的“蹴鞠”。
后面跟上ball的词还有几个,比如:baseball, basketball, volleyball;不含有ball,跟“球”的概念有关的运动项目还有hockey(曲棍球),ice hockey(冰球),tennis(网球),table tennis(乒乓球,即ping pong),golf(高尔夫),polo(马球或水球),water polo(水球)等等。
不过,badminton虽然是“羽毛球”,但是跟上面这些不一样的是,这项运动的用球不是圆球。badminton这项运动是19世纪时由印度传入英国的,很可能是古老的儿童板羽球发展而来的。驻印度的英国军官喜欢在室外进行这项运动,遂使之得以传播。英国的波弗特公爵(the Duke of Beaufort)在Gloucestershire(格洛斯特郡)有个庄园,名为Badminton,据说羽毛球运动1873年即发源于此,因此该运动得名badminton.
扯远了,回头说说这个soccer,一般意义上的football,即“足球”,正式全称是association football,因为它是按照成立于1863年的Football Association(英国足球协会,简称FA)制定的比赛规则进行的足球运动,而soccer是association一词的缩写形式assoc再缩短为soc后加上后缀-er构成的,有时也称作socker.
顺便说说,19世纪末至20世纪初,在英国公学(public school)以及大学俚语中,-er常被用作一个无意义的后缀,以类似的方式构成的词还有rugger(即Rugby football),footer(= football)等。
It’s a milestone year for Merriam-Webster, the American pioneer of language reference publishing. Two hundred years ago the company’s namesake, Noah Webster, created A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language—the very first dictionary to reflect the unique culture and vocabulary of the American people. Along with introducing a reform of British spelling, the volume included thousands of words (chowder, hickory, skunk) which were in daily use in America but not listed in any other lexicon.
Noah Webster’s Spelling Reform
Noah Webster was struck by the inconsistencies of English spelling and the obstacles it presented to learners (young and old alike) and resented that American classrooms were filled only with British textbooks. The spelling reform featured in his Compendious Dictionary of the English Language was based on the author’s combined vision of logic and aesthetics. He changed the –ce in words like defence, offence, and pretence to –se; abandoned the second, silent “l” in verbs such as travel and cancel when forming the past tense; dropped the “u” from words such as humour and colour; and dropped the “k” from words such as publick and musick. The “publick” readily accepted many of these changes and just as readily rejected some of the others.
WEBSTER WON SOME:
Before Webster/Webster’s Change -- gaol/jail; mould/mold; travelled/traveled; honour/honor; centre/center; humour/humor; masque/mask; publick/public;
…AND LOST SOME:
Before Webster/Webster’s Change -- ache/ake; soup/soop; sleigh/sley; sponge/spunge; tongue/tung; cloak/cloke; determine/determin; women/wimmen
Glossary
A small book with tiny print, Noah Webster’s A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language contained 37,000 entries, including thousands of words that were in daily use in America but not listed in any other dictionary (including a host of terms from medicine, law, chemistry, botany, geology, agriculture, and other sciences, as well as Native American loan words).
A Glossary of New Words Introduced in A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806)
LAW
advocate verb: to defend, plead in favor of
appellate adjective: belonging to appeals
decedent noun: one dead
lot noun: a share or division of land, a field
SCIENCE and MATHEMATICS
aeriform adjective: having the form of air, as gas
caloric adjective: pertaining to the matter of heat
decahedron noun: a figure of ten sides
deliquesce verb: to dissolve or soften in air
electrician noun: one versed in electricity
foliar adjective: pertaining to or growing from a leaf
galvanism noun: the name given to effects resembling electricity, produced by metallic substances
ignescent adjective: yielding fire or sparks
lignify verb: to become or convert into wood
nutrient noun: that which feeds or nourishes
psychology noun: the doctrines of spirit or mind
sebaceous adjective: fat, pertaining to fat
vaccine noun: the cow pox, kine-pox
vaccinate verb: to inoculate with the virus of the cow pox
vaporize verb: to convert into vapor by heat
GOVERNMENT
amendatory adjective: containing an amendment
caucus noun: cant name of secret meetings for electioneering purposes
census noun: an enumeration of inhabitants, a register of people, etc.
constitutionality noun: the state of being agreeable to the constitution, or of affecting the constitution
presidential adjective: pertaining to a president
selectman noun: a town official in New England
AGRICULTURE and INDUSTRY
flume noun: a channel or passage for water
folder noun: a flat instrument to fold sheets of paper
gin verb: to clean cotton of its seeds by a gin
unmalleable adjective: not capable of being hammered into a plate
PLANTS and ANIMALS
accipiters noun: an order of fowls with hooked bills
butternut noun: an American tree with an oblong nut, also the nut
cervine adjective: pertaining to the deer
conchology noun: the science of shellfish
cordiform adjective: in form of a heart
dendroid adjective: resembling a shrub
hickory noun: a tree, a species of walnut
opossum noun: a quadruped which carries her young in a bag under her belly
porcine adjective: pertaining to swine
scarious adjective: dry and rough to the touch
skunk noun: a quadruped remarkable for its smell
winterkill verb: to kill by means of winter, as grain
BUSINESS
debit noun: a debt, the debtor side of an account
deliverable adjective: that may or ought to be delivered
unmarketable adjective: not saleable or fit for the market
FOOD and DRINK
chowder noun: a dish of fish boiled with biscuit, etc.
hommony noun: food made of maiz broken but coarse and boiled
succotash noun: a mixture of new soft maiz and beans boiled
whiskey noun: a spirit distilled from grain
MISCELLANEOUS
Americanize verb: to render American
caddy noun: a small box for tea
checkers noun pl.: a game
chore noun: a small job, domestic work
demoralize verb: to corrupt, undermine or destroy moral principles
emphasize verb: to pronounce with a stress of voice
energize verb: to give strength or vigor
flytrap noun: a trap to catch flies
hydrant noun: a pipe to conduct and deliver water
immigrant noun: one who removes into a country
inapproachable adjective: not to be approached
inexact adjective: not exact or precise
insubordination noun: disobedience or want of submission to authority
leanto noun: the part of a building that appears to lean upon another
notice verb: to see, regard, observe, attend
orthoepy noun: the art of just pronunciation
penmanship noun: the act, art, or use of writing
pry verb: to look into with close inspection, to raise with a lever
publicity noun: a public state, notoriety
sectarian adjective: pertaining to a sect
skittles noun: a game like ninepins
slang noun: vulgar language, cant phrases [low]
slat noun: a thin piece of timber connecting larger ones
slatternly adjective: negligent in dress, sluttish
snowshoe noun: a light frame to walk with on snow
spry adjective: nimble, brisk, quick in action
surf noun: waves or swell of the sea breaking on shore
velveteen noun: a cloth made of cotten and linen
韦氏词典新增热词
Mouse potato (网虫)跟couch potato(电视虫)走到一起;google正式成为一个动词;drama queen(小题大做、大惊小怪的人)终于得到关注。这些词语终于登堂入室,从通俗文化行列转入英语主流语言。近日,100个热门新词被收入 2006年新版的美国畅销词典《韦氏大词典》中。 现从中挑选出一些,献给LT的读者。
empty suit- bad boss 坏老板
google-look for information on the Internet in a quick way 搜索(在互联网上快速查找信息)
himbo- attractive, vacuous male 徒有外表却无内涵的男人
mouse potato - someone who spends a great deal of time on the computer 电脑虫(跟couch potato<电视虫>有异曲同工之妙)
ring tone - the sound made by a cell phone to signal an incoming call 手机铃音
spyware - software that is installed in a computer without the user's knowledge and transmits information about the user's computer activities over the internet 间谍软件
avian influenza - a highly variable mild to fulminant influenza of birds that is caused by strains of the influenza A virus which may mutate and be transmitted to other vertebrates -- also called bird flu 禽流感
biodiesel - a fuel that is similar to diesel fuel and is derived from usually vegetable sources 生物柴油(从蔬菜中提取)
gastric bypass - surgical bypass operation that typically involves reducing the size of the stomach and reconnecting the smaller stomach to bypass the first portion of the small intestine so as to restrict food intake and reduce caloric absorption in cases of severe obesity 胃绕路手术(减小胃的容积,达到减肥的作用)
soul patch - a small growth of beard under a man's lower lip 男人下唇下面的一小撮胡子
supersize - the fast food industry phrase for extra large meals. 超级大餐
labelmate - a singer or musician who records for the same company as another 同属一唱片公司的艺人
wave pool - a large swimming pool equipped with a machine for producing waves 冲浪池
drama queen - a person given to often excessively emotional performances or reactions 小题大做、大惊小怪的人
unibrow - a single continuous brow resulting from the growing together of eyebrows 左右眉毛长在一起
manga - Japanese comic book or graphic novel 日本连环漫画册
Gigong - an ancient Chinese healing art involving meditation, controlled breathing, and movement exercises 气功
big-box - of, relating to, or being a large chain store having a boxlike structure “大盒子”式的商店
agritourism 农业旅游
aquascape - a scenic view of a body of water; an area having a natural or constructed aquatic feature (as a pond or fountain) 水景
coqui - a small chiefly nocturnal arboreal frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) native to Puerto Rico that has a high-pitched call and has been introduced into Hawaii and southern Florida 科奎鹧鸪(生长在波多黎各一带,嗓音很尖,现已被引入至夏威夷和佛罗里达)
polyamory - the state or practice of having more than one open romantic relationship at a time 脚踏两只船
Sandwich Generation - a generation of people who are caring for their aging parents while supporting their own children 三明治一代 (上有老下有小的一代人)
virtual
[5vE:tjuEl, -tFuEl]
adj.
虚的, 实质的, [物]有效的, 事实上的
virtual源自拉丁语单词virtus,virtus的意思是excellence,virtus中的vir意为man. 从virtus还派生出英语单词virtue.
The Winning Words
Here are a few of the orthographic challenges that contestants have had to face.
Words That Won
2006 ursprache : a parent language; especially : one reconstructed from the evidence of later languages
2005 appoggiatura : an accessory embellishing note or tone preceding an essential melodic note or tone
2004 autochthonous : indigenous, native, aboriginal—used especially in nature
2003 pococurante : indifferent, nonchalant
2002 prospicience : the act of looking forward : foresight
2001 succedaneum : a person or thing that takes the place or function of another
2000 demarche : a course of action or maneuver
1999 logorrhea : excessive talkativeness or wordiness
1998 chiaroscurist : an artist who specializes in chiaroscuro
1997 euonym : a name well suited to the person, place, or thing named
1996 vivisepulture : the act or practice of burying alive
1995 xanthosis : yellow discoloration of the skin from abnormal causes
Words That Stumped in the Past
ankylosaur : any of a suborder (Ankylosauria) of herbivorous Cretaceous dinosaurs having a long low-lying thickset body covered dorsally with bony plates
coulombs : the practical meter-kilogram-second units of electric charge equal to the quantity of electricity transferred by a current of one ampere in one second
delitescent : lying hidden : obfuscated, latent
eleemosynary : of, relating to, or supported by charity
gauche : lacking social experience or grace; also : not tactful : crude
larghissimo : in as slow a manner as possible — used as a direction in music
pentateuchal : of or relating to the first five books of the Old Testament
sussultatory : characterized by up-and-down vibrations of large amplitude — used of an earthquake
triskaidekaphobia : fear of the number 13
zebu : any of various breeds of domestic oxen developed in India that are characterized by a large fleshy hump over the shoulders, a dewlap, pendulous ears, and marked resistance to the injurious effects of heat and insect attack
Salute to 未且!!!
Scorpio (23 Oct. ~ 21 Nov.)(天蝎座),
Capricorn (21 Dec. ~ 20 Jan.)(山羊座),
scorpio就是scorpion… Capricorn意为?(这个没写),aquarius意为water-conduit inspector(引水管检查员??)
经典词根之一—— FAC, FIC, FECT, FACT, FICT
源自拉丁语,意为to do, to make
补充几个:
Facsimile,malefaction,factitious,manufacture,disaffect,efficacy,feature,malfeasance,figment,figure,transfigure,configuration,fashion
经典词根之三—— GEN/GIN
主要源自希腊语,部分源自拉丁语,意为birth(produce??), gender, family, kind, race
补充两个:
Pathogeny,genial
经典词根之四—— STA/STAT/STIT
源自拉丁语,意为to stand, to set
补充几个:
Instance,instant,instantaneous,substance,substantial,substantiate,substantive,equidistance,stateliness,statistice,apostasy,apostate,stamina,steadfast,homestead,withstand,stationery
经典词根之五—— VERT/VERS
源自拉丁语,意为to turn
补充几个:
PER- away? Or “全部”??
Vertical,versed,anniversary,conversant,diverse,inverse,malversation,irreversible,university
经典词根之六—— CAP/CIP/CEPT/CEIV/CUP(同一词根,多个变体)
源自拉丁语,意为to take, to take hold of, to capture
补充几个:
Caption,captious,accept,susceptible,conceit,municipal,principle,preoccupation
经典词根之七—— PON/POS
源自拉丁语,意为to put, to place
补充几个:
Expound,exponent,compound,impound,discompose,purpose,juxtapose,position,positive,repository
经典词根之八—— SPEC/SPIC/SPECT
源自拉丁语,意为to look
补充的来自:俞敏洪《英语词汇速记大全:词根+词缀记忆法》。未且的很多单词俞敏洪的书里也没有,相互补充一下。
TOP 10 names for boys为:Aidan,Jacob,Ethan,Nicholas,Matthew,Ryan,Tyler,Jack,Joshua,Andrew
为什么没有Michael??
作者:未且未且 回复日期:2006-6-18 2:17:48
All the bad blood between them was forgotten when they had to unite against the enemy. 这话颇有“攘外必先安内”的味道
》》》和“攘外必先安内”刚好相反,“外敌当前,攘外无需先安内”。
to: 王荣欣
你很细心,指出了我的疏漏,谢谢你的提问、补充和点评。
Capricorn借自拉丁语词Capricornus,其中的capr-,也作caper,意为goat;cornus意为horn,Capricorn意为horned-goat.
据我所知,Aquarius在拉丁语里就是那个意思。
Top 10 names for kids这种排行榜每年都有所不同,你可以上网搜一下,英美人给小孩子取名常常就是根据当前的流行人物的名字,因此会有鲜明的时代特点,这样同时代的人会有很多重名的现象出现。
对于中国人而言,“攘外”不先“安内”的结果就是谁主动“攘外”最后谁完蛋。
约翰逊字典(A Dictionary of the English Language),是英国大文豪塞缪尔•约翰逊(Samuel Johnson,1709年~1784年)编辑的英文字典。约翰逊出生于书商之家,家境贫寒,他苦学有成,写起文章妙趣横性。1747年他拟订计划,要出版一本英文字典(The Dictionary of the English Language),这时他寻求赞助人,登门拜访国务大臣蔡斯菲尔德伯爵,不料被拒于门外。约翰逊只好带著六位助理,独力著手编辞典。费时八年半之久,期间饱受疾疢、蹉跎、贫困之苦,又逢丧妻之痛;1753年他在日记中写道:“著手字典第二册,并预留序言,文法,历史等尚未动笔的项目,老天,有谁支持我完成这艰巨工作?”
《约翰逊字典》终于自1755年出版,有42,773字释义,以114,000个引例说明,这在19世纪《牛津英文字典》(OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)出版之前,是史无前例的著作。他在字典的序中写道:“好奇的读者也许愿知道,作者编纂这本字典时,既无硕学鸿儒可供咨询,有力人士之赞助亦付阙如,既非完成于舒适的宁静书斋,亦乏宏伟学术殿廊之庇荫,而是完成于无尽的窘困,旁骛,疾病,悲苦中。若竟无人赞扬此书,我亦甘之若素,纵有一二奖掖之语,对我孤寂清冷的人生复有何益?我的工作再三延宕,直至我最想取悦的亲友均已辞世,成功与失败对我同是空言……”。现代编制字典之基本原则,最先由约翰逊所奠基。这时国务大臣蔡斯菲尔德伯爵又向他眉来眼去,约翰逊没好气的写了一封信给他:“自鄙人见摒于大人门外,翘首鹄候于大人会客室内,于兹七年矣!大人,七年来鄙人备尝艰辛,而今嗟叹亦无益,鄙人无依无援,大人未曾有一字之慰勉,一笑之恩典,鄙人亦不复抱任何期望,此字典之竣事实未得赞助人之一毫相助。”。(参考:郑德音〈从牛津英文字典想起〉)
《约翰逊辞典》是一本可读性相当高的著作,充满典雅的文学词句以及各种古怪有趣的知识。它最大特色是它的例句广泛取材自著名的文学作品,如莎士比亚、约翰•弥尔顿等,整本字典更像是一册文集,对字义的解释尽可能具体而微,一改过去“大而化之”的风格。《约翰逊字典》错误在所难免,《约翰逊传》中记载他把PATERN 这个字定义为“马的膝盖”,原义是“马脚部的”,有一位女士问他怎么会犯此错误,他答:“无知,夫人,纯粹的无知。”
作者:未且未且 回复日期:2006-11-16 22:33:12
塞缪尔-约翰逊简传(转载)
A brief biography of Samuel Johnson is a difficult task, but here we go. Samuel Johnson's life covers many poin-ts, but it's a story about overcoming considerable adversity, to ultimately become one of the best known men of his age.
Johnson was born in Lichfield, England, on September 18, 1709; his father Michael was a bookseller. Johnson was not a healthy infant, and there was considerable question as to whether he would survive: he was baptized almost immediately. Johnson was scarred from scrofula, and suffered a loss of hearing and was blind in one eye, thanks largely to nursing from a tubercular nursemaid. During his toddler years, he had an open "issue" in his arm, to drain fluids. Stop for a moment, and think about a small child being singled out in this way, and what it must have meant.
In spite of these infirmities, there are early tales of his independence. Once, when his babysitter failed to pick him up on time from nursery school, Johnson decided he would get home on his own, crawling on all fours in order to see the gutter and avoid falling in. The babysitter followed at some distance, but when Johnson saw her watching, protested against her following him, vehemently.
The availability of the books in his father's shop, and his natural proclivity for learning, contributed to his having extensive knowledge at an early age. When Johnson spent time with an elder cousin, he was exposed to a broad range of thinking and cultivation, of the sort he wouldn't have ordinarily seen in Lichfield. He later attended Oxford for about a year, but left for financial reasons. His poverty at Oxford was noticed by another student, who left a pair of new shoes outside Johnson's door during the night; while Johnson's poverty was itself humiliating, the fact that another would notice and make Johnson a beneficiary of charity enraged him.
So Johnson had to leave Oxford; it must have been a horrible disappointment to someone who was so learned, to leave for financial reasons, and see his academic inferiors succeed in an arena where he couldn't. During this period he went into a severe depression; his friend Edmund Hector helped him remain productive, in spite of the depression.
In 1735, Johnson married Elizabeth "Tetty" Porter, a woman several years older than him: she was 46, and he 25.
As a young man, Johnson tried his hand at a career as a schoolmaster, and was unsuccessful-- largely because he didn't have a degree. To some extent, his ungainly appearance, twitches, and mannerisms made it difficult to maintain the respect of his students. He eventually (1737) went to London to seek his fortune, and found employment as a writer for various periodicals. In addition to writing book reviews and derivative biographies, at one poin-t he was assigned the task of writing thinly disguised reports of the debates in Parliament. (Censorship ruled out actual reportage, so Johnson had to write from surreptitiously-taken notes, filling them out in much the same way as a TV movie made today might embellish a skeleton of fact into a drama. The identities of the speakers were thinly disguised; readers could tell who was who, and the government was unwilling to admit to the underlying truth.)
Johnson obtained some notice with his works London (1738) and The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) -- both of which are considered great poems -- but his efforts in the 1750's are part of why he's considered a titan. This decade saw the creation of his Dictionary (1755), his Rambler essays (1750-52), his Idler essays (1758-60), and Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759). This was a trying decade for him: his wife died in 1752 (just after the cessation of the Rambler essays), and she was often on his mind.
Johnson received a government pension in 1762. He was reluctant to accept it, but on accepting the purpose as being for past efforts, and not future efforts, he accepted it. The funds were a significant help, and the periods where he was threatened with debtor's prison were put behind him.
Shortly after this period, Johnson met a young Scot named James Boswell (in 1763) in Thomas Davies bookstore in London. The two became fast friends. Boswell took notes of their conversations, and leveraged those notes and other material into the mammoth, landmark biography "The Life of Samuel Johnson." (The full title is a bit longer.)
Johnson's output included far more than just his output of the 1750's, of course. It also includes a complete edition of Shakespeare; a number of frequently cited political tracts; sermons; a description of his 1773 tour to Scotland with Boswell, with considerable discussion of the change of an era; and a series of biographies of numerous British poets (The Lives of the Poets), commissioned to accompany reprints of each poet's works.
Johnson died on December 13, 1784. Boswell's biography was published in 1791. Boswell's biography, by the way, was not the first, nor was it the last; it is, however, a popular place to start.
pidgin - 洋滨泾;两种以上混杂的语言
以下的词源解释是从网上搜到的:
1876, from pigeon English (1859), the reduced form of the language used in China for communication with Europeans, from pigeon (1826), itself a pidgin word, representing a Chinese pronunciation of business. Meaning extended 1921 to "any simplified language."
居然是business的意思,真是没有想到,发音差的还是相当远啊……
殖民地的产物,不过现在算不算是有些复活呢?偶想起了那个电梯里的笑话:够淫荡吗……寒
shanghai - 小写,做及物动词用,表示把某人药翻或灌醉然后弄上船去做水手;引申为欺骗或强迫某人做事
1854, Amer.Eng., "to drug a man unconscious and ship him as a sailor," from the practice of kidnapping to fill the crews of ships making extended voyages, such as to the Chinese seaport of Shanghai.
起先还以为当年的上海滩流行这个呢,还好,是美国那边的。上海也的确是个很遥远的地方了,只是不知道和汉语的语义“上”“海”有没有关系。
此外shanghai在澳洲和新西兰英语里还有另一个语义:catapult,动词及名词,来源不明。
chin-chin - 请请!有点俚语的性质,用于打招呼、告别、祝酒
来源就是汉语的“请请”,法语、西语、意语都有这个单词,拼写略有不同。在网上看到有些人认为它来自意大利语,BBC意语教学节目里说cin cin来自碰杯的声音,但是偶家词典上注明来自汉语。一本美国人编的意语教材里有这么一段:
L'espressione Cin cin (scritta anche Cincin) è l'adattamento fonetico dell'inglese chin chin che, a sua volta, deriva dal cinese ch'ing' ch'ing', che significa letteralmente "prego, prego."
La parola, usata come saluto dal marinai inglesi già alla fine del secolo XVIII, è arrivata in Italia durante la prima guerra mondiale (1914-1918) invadendo a poco a poco non solo l'Italia ma anche molti altri paesi e continenti.
大意是说这个词来自英语语音的转写,英语又是来自汉语。十八世纪末,这个词已经用于英国海员当中,一战期间传入意大利,后来逐渐传到更多的国家。
在意大利语里,cin cin是相当通用的祝酒词,相当于英语的cheers,法语里应该也常用,记得有人总结法语和汉语的“相似”之处,比如好是“棒”,我饿了是“热饭”,祝酒是“请请”,这么总结的人大概没想到它原本就是汉语吧。
还有个值得一提的词是mandarin,汉语普通话。前段看到一些帖子,说mandarin是“满大人”的音译,不过词典上不是这么讲的。
"Chinese official," 1589, via Port. mandarim or Du. mandorijn from Malay mantri, from Hindi mantri "councilor, minister of state," from Skt. mantri, nom. of mantrin- "advisor," from mantra "counsel," from PIE base *men- "to think" (see mind). Form infl. in Port. by mandar "to command, order." Used generically for the several grades of Chinese officials; sense of "chief dialect of Chinese" (spoken by officials and educated people) is from 1604. The type of small, deep-colored orange so called from 1771, from resemblance of its color to that of robes worn by mandarins.
大致是:英语<-葡萄牙语或荷兰语<-马来语<-印地语<-梵语,最初的语义是顾问、官员,又特指中国的一至九品朝廷官员,到1604年获得了“官话”的语义,意指中国官员和读书人讲的汉语,此时距李自成出生还有两年。1771年又增加一个语义为柑橘,因为其颜色和中国官员朝服上的颜色相似。
感恩节火鸡
在美国,11月的第四个星期四就是所谓的“感恩节”(Thanksgiving Day)。在那一天,美国人对一年中享有的祝福表示感谢。感恩节是个家庭团聚的庆祝日,一家人在快快乐乐,一起吃大餐。现在美国的感恩节,有许多传统来自首次感恩节的庆祝活动。
首次美国人庆祝感恩节在1612年的秋天,地点是马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯(Plymouth, Massachusetts)。心存感激的朝圣先人遵照丰收聚会的古老传统表达了他们对上帝的感谢,使他们在新大陆获得了首次大丰收,同时也借此加强了同印第安邻居之间友情的联系,是这些邻居教会了他们打猎、捕鱼、种粮以及用鱼做成肥料培育玉米、南瓜与豆类。印第安人愉快地接受了邀请,先送来了五只鹿。朝圣者则去打猎,回赠了野味。女人们用玉米、酸果蔓、及南瓜做成一道道美食。首次感恩节聚餐获得了巨大成功。今天的感恩节餐桌上,依然出现着南瓜和玉米,而南瓜派与印第安布丁(玉米做成的乳蛋糕)是传统的感恩节甜品。
首次感恩节持续了三天。对于今天的美国人,这是个四天假期。学校在感恩节与翌日停课。而许多成年人在周三和周四都不用上班。住在其他城市的亲戚、离家求学的学生以及远行的其他人,都可以趁着假期有机会在家。
那么,为什么美国人要在感恩节吃火鸡呢?也许在著名的首次感恩节,大家就吃火鸡,但是没有过硬的证据证明。殖民地的记录里只提到了“家禽”和鹿,后者是印第安人提供的。事实上,直到18、19世纪之交,火鸡才进入感恩节习俗的菜单,直到1860年代才成为一道传统主菜。1863年,林肯总统宣布,将此后每年11月的最后一个星期四定为感恩节。进而,二战之后,感恩节当日吃火鸡才牢牢确定下来,这由于家禽业积极的销售活动。同时,杂交雄火鸡的市场也发展起来,这样一来,设想的朝圣者传统就被创造出来,而且成功地使加了填料的火鸡成为美国富足的象征之一。
abacus
形容词dusty有着“废弃(disuse)”与“高龄(age)”的意含,似乎可以用作形容abacus(算盘)很合适,自从计算器和电脑还没发明出来用以代替这个计算工具解决数学问题之前的岁月就是这么使用dusty的。事实上,abacus最初就是dusty. 单词abacus源自希腊语abax,而abax可能来自希伯莱语的’ābāq(意为dust),虽然转化的细节模糊不清。在后圣经时代,使用’ābāq时,’ābāq意为“用于书写面的沙(sand used as a writing surface)”。希腊语词abax的含意之一便是“撒上沙或土,用于绘制几何图形的板(a board sprinkled with sand or dust for drawing geometric diagrams)”。这种板与我们熟悉的算盘(abacus)关系密切,算盘有着小木棒串着可活动的算珠。单词abacus的第一次使用,根据记录在一部1387年之前著作里,指称一个sand-board abacus(沙板“算盘”),这时用了abacus一词,使用者是阿拉伯人。中世纪英语单词abacus的形式与其希腊词源词abax有所区别,这可以从中世纪英语实际上借用拉丁语词abacus说明,拉丁语词abacus源自希腊语词abax的所有格(属格)形式abakos.
韋伯斯特老兄對英語單詞拼寫的自相矛盾很有意見,它對英語單詞造成初學者的困難也很有感受。於是,在他的《美國英語詞典》裏邁出了改革的第一步,當然,他的改革標準是按照他所理解的拼寫邏輯與美感要求。例如,將一些以-ce結尾的單詞改成以-se結尾,於是defence, offence變成了defense, offense;將一些動詞轉變成過去式時不發音的字母l刪除(travel, cancel);將許多有-our出現的單詞變成-or這樣的字母組合;還將publick, musick等類似詞中的k刪除。當然,他的所有“改革”都受到了大眾的檢驗,有些被大家接受了,有些則不成功。
下面就是一些成功與失敗的例子
成功的:
(原詞)/(韋式用詞)—— gaol/jail; mould/mold; travelled/traveled; honour/honor; centre/center; humour/humor; masque/mask; publick/public;
失敗的:
(原詞)/(韋式用詞)—— ache/ake; soup/soop; sleigh/sley; sponge/spunge; tongue/tung; cloak/cloke; determine/determin; women/wimmen
principal ['prinsipәl]
n. 校长, 首长, 本金, 主犯, 资本, 委托人
a. 主要的, 最重要的, 首要的
[经] 主体, 主要负责人, 资本; 主要的
principle ['prinsipl]
n. 原则, 原理, 主义
[化] 原理
[医] 原则, 原理, 成分, 要素, 物质
[经] 原理, 原则
abracadabra
魔法師說出“Abracadabra”,沒在意一度與該詞有關的,是使其呈現的,而非說出該詞。Abracadabra是個魔術般的的詞,所用的字母被設置為倒金字塔形,還被用作護身符戴在脖子上,用以祛病驅邪。倒金字塔形的每下行一行就減少一個字母,直到剩下一個a用作三角形的頂點。隨著字母逐行消失,在想象中,疾病與厄運也隨之減少。儘管魔術師依然在表演時使用咒語(abracadabra),但abracadabra這個詞本身獲得了另一個含義,即“愚蠢或莫明其妙的談話”。
accolade
那些不懼遭殃而受到甚多嘉獎者,可能要重新思量其地位。回溯accolade至其拉丁詞源,我們發現,該詞由前綴ad-(及;在…之上)與名詞collum(脖子)構成,collum會令人聯想到collar一詞。俗拉丁文單詞accollare來自這些元素,依次,也是法語詞accolde(擁抱:an embrace)之源。最初是在授予騎士稱號之時,給予其擁抱(an embrace),這一事實說明accolade有“騎士資格之儀式性授予”的專門含義,英語中將accolade的意涵如此記錄最早是在1623年。