Contents
List of figures xv
List of tables xvi
Acknowledgments xvii
List of abbreviations and symbols xviii
Introduction 1
1 The research question 7
What is effective government? 8
Incentives 13
Ends and means 16
Cognitive dissonance 21
2 Bureaucracy and beyond 25
Organized anarchy 25
From hierarchies to polycentric networks 30
Order 36
3 Methodology and the Kaleidic Hyperstructure (KH) model 39
Ideal types and complex geometry 39
Radical subjectivism and creative destruction 44
Introducing the players 49
Tie strength 53
4 From politics as usual to transparency, competition, and
flexibility 58
Baseline 61
Austerity (President’s Budget) 65
PART (program performance information) 68
Relaxed (spending discretion) 71
xiv Contents
Accountability (PART + relaxed) 76
Lean (austerity + accountability) 78
Summary 80
5 Case study of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 83
Good intentions 84
Chronic challenges 91
Managing the complex DHS network 94
KH view of DHS – before and after 96
Zooming in on the agencies 100
Budget and performance 104
Summary 106
6 Lessons for institutional change 107
Government is human 108
Complex orders are facilitated, not imposed 114
A new vision: policies as experimental meta-rules
119
Conclusion 124
Appendix – DHS element attributes 127
Notes 129
Bibliography 137
Index 145
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