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近年来，美国电力市场的能源供给结构发生了深刻的变化，由煤炭提供的电力份额从50%锐减到30%，由于煤炭需求的减少，一些矿业大州的财政收入也开始减少。一些州ZF出台政策要求（鼓励）本州的火电厂购买州内矿业公司的煤炭，这些政策导致了显著的市场效应（发电厂更愿意采用火力发电，州ZF的收入增加）和环境效应（每年大约多排放230万吨二氧化碳）。
In recent years, the share of U.S electricity generated by coal has fallen from nearly 50% to 33%. The costs of this transition are spatially concentrated, and mining states have already lost income due to the reduced demand for coal. Coal states have enacted policies to encourage local power plants to purchase from within state mines. We document that power plants in states and counties with substantial mining activity are more likely to be coal fired and to purchase more within political boundary coal. These results are robust to including flexible controls for the distance from power plants to mines. While coal states benefits from local protectionism, these efforts impose social costs because coal mining and coal burning creates significant environmental consequences. We quantify these effects and find that a one-percentage point increase in the proportion of coal plants in a NERC region with an in-state coal mine results in approximately 2.3 million additional annual tons of CO2 emissions.
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