20190131【充实计划】第968期

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充实每一天 发表于 2019-1-31 05:21
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昨天阅读2小时，累计阅读323小时。读了一本经济学历史方面的文章，首先学习了重商主义的经济思想，重商主义的起源在于1581年，英国商人和探险家弗朗西斯·缀客（Francis Drake），打败了当时世界上最强的西班牙无敌舰队，取的了海上霸权，伊莉萨白在此年封缀客为爵士的一幕象征着统治者和商人之间联盟的缔结，这种联盟后来被称作“重商主义”（mercantilism）（来源于商人一词的拉丁语）。在早期，探讨经济问题的作家都是神职人员，他们往往远离商业的喧嚣，如今新的一批经济思想家诞生，他们对宗教的兴趣已经衰减。新的经济思想家都是务实的商人和王室官员，探讨的主题通常是国王和王后如何能够更好地管理国家的财富。重商主义者并不具备一套发展完备的经济学理论，他们信奉的观点比较芜杂。现代经济学家经常嘲讽他们缺乏最基本的经济常识。例如，如何定义一个国家是富有的？重商主义最基本的观点认为财富即金银，所以一个国家如果拥有足够多的金银就是一个富有的国家。在重商主义者的支持下，ZF进一步鼓励出口，抑制进口。进口商品会被征税，价格变高，使得居民更多地购买本国产品。当时的《禁奢法》全面禁止昂贵（奢侈）产品。在英国，炫耀者会因为身着绫罗绸缎而被囚禁，很多进口商品被列为非法奢侈品。重商主义者把进口视为坏事，而今天的经济学家们认为这纯属荒谬。那个时代的观点认为如果英国将钉子卖给荷兰，英国所获得的利益（卖钉子的收入）便是荷兰人所损失的利益。但是，如果荷兰人所需要的正是英国的钉子，或者俄国的鱼子酱和法国的奶酪，进口就并非什么坏事，因此如果英国将钉子卖给荷兰，两国会实现双赢。一方面，英国人赚到了钱；另一方面，荷兰人得到了物美价廉的钉子。18世纪末，斯密对重商主义进行了抨击。与此同时，重商主义随着英国在美国的殖民地的瓦解受到了冲击。英国对殖民地的统治曾经保证了商人在那里售卖本国商品的利益，但这种保护政策随着殖民地人民对统治者的反抗以及随后纷纷宣布独立而告终。

努力再学习更多！谢谢楼主的鼓励！

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liuxf666 发表于 2019-1-31 05:58
昨日阅读1小时，累计阅读141小时.
Keep reading "Designing Data-Intensive Applications" - learn more a ...

Want to know how the best software engineers and architects structure their applications to make them scalable, reliable, and maintainable in the long term? This book examines the key principles, algorithms, and trade-offs of data systems, using the internals of various popular software packages and frameworks as examples.
Tools at your disposal are evolving and demands on applications are increasing, but the principles behind them remain the same. You’ll learn how to determine what kind of tool is appropriate for which purpose, and how certain tools can be combined to form the foundation of a good application architecture. You’ll learn how to develop an intuition for what your systems are doing, so that you’re better able to track down any problems that arise.

Table of Contents
Part I. Foundations of Data Systems
Chapter 1. Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Applications
Chapter 2. Data Models and Query Languages
Chapter 3. Storage and Retrieval
Chapter 4. Encoding and Evolution
Part II. Distributed Data
Chapter 5. Replication
Chapter 6. Partitioning
Chapter 7. Transactions
Chapter 8. The Trouble with Distributed Systems
Chapter 9. Consistency and Consensus
Part III. Derived Data
Chapter 10. Batch Processing
Chapter 11. Stream Processing
Chapter 12. The Future of Data Systems

liuxf666 发表于 2019-1-31 05:58
昨日阅读1小时，累计阅读141小时.
Keep reading "Designing Data-Intensive Applications" - learn more a ...

Want to know how the best software engineers and architects structure their applications to make them scalable, reliable, and maintainable in the long term? This book examines the key principles, algorithms, and trade-offs of data systems, using the internals of various popular software packages and frameworks as examples.
Tools at your disposal are evolving and demands on applications are increasing, but the principles behind them remain the same. You’ll learn how to determine what kind of tool is appropriate for which purpose, and how certain tools can be combined to form the foundation of a good application architecture. You’ll learn how to develop an intuition for what your systems are doing, so that you’re better able to track down any problems that arise.

Table of Contents
Part I. Foundations of Data Systems
Chapter 1. Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Applications
Chapter 2. Data Models and Query Languages
Chapter 3. Storage and Retrieval
Chapter 4. Encoding and Evolution
Part II. Distributed Data
Chapter 5. Replication
Chapter 6. Partitioning
Chapter 7. Transactions
Chapter 8. The Trouble with Distributed Systems
Chapter 9. Consistency and Consensus
Part III. Derived Data
Chapter 10. Batch Processing
Chapter 11. Stream Processing
Chapter 12. The Future of Data Systems

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