TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note .................................................................................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................................................iii
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................. viii
Explanatory notes.............................................................................................................................................................xi
Vessel groupings used in the Review of Maritime Transport ................................................................................................ xii
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................................ xiv
1. DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNTIONAL SEABORNE TRADE ............................................1
A. World economic situation and prospects .....................................................................................................2
B. World seaborne trade.................................................................................................................................5
C. Selected emerging trends affecting international shipping ...........................................................................22
2. STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP AND REGISTRATION OF THE WORLD FLEET ....................33
􀀤􀀑􀀃 􀀶􀁗􀁕􀁘􀁆􀁗􀁘􀁕􀁈􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁚􀁒􀁕􀁏􀁇􀀃􀆃􀁈􀁈􀁗 ........................................................................................................................34
􀀥􀀑􀀃 􀀲􀁚􀁑􀁈􀁕􀁖􀁋􀁌􀁓􀀃􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃􀁒􀁓􀁈􀁕􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁒􀁑􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃􀁗􀁋􀁈􀀃􀁚􀁒􀁕􀁏􀁇􀀃􀆃􀁈􀁈􀁗.................................................................................................40
C. Registration of ships ................................................................................................................................45
D. Shipbuilding, demolition and new orders ....................................................................................................46
3. FREIGHT RATES AND MARITIME TRANSPORT COSTS .............................................57
A. Freight rates ............................................................................................................................................58
B. Freight markets and transport costs ...........................................................................................................68
C. Policy options to reduce maritime transport costs .......................................................................................74
4. PORT DEVELOPMENTS ..........................................................................................79
A. Port throughput .......................................................................................................................................80
B. Recent port developments .........................................................................................................................85
C. Port development outlook ..........................................................................................................................87
5. LEGAL ISSUES AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS ................................................95
A. Important developments in transport law ....................................................................................................96
B. Regulatory developments relating to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping and
other environmental issues ........................................................................................................................................... 96
C. Other legal and regulatory developments affecting transportation...........................................................................105
D. Status of conventions ..............................................................................................................................110
E. Trade facilitation in international agreements ............................................................................................112
6. SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCE .....................125
A. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................126
B. Transport sector energy use and emissions ..............................................................................................127
C. Recent developments in sustainable freight transport................................................................................129
􀀧􀀑􀀃􀀃 􀀨􀁑􀁄􀁅􀁏􀁌􀁑􀁊􀀃􀁖􀁘􀁖􀁗􀁄􀁌􀁑􀁄􀁅􀁏􀁈􀀃􀁉􀁕􀁈􀁌􀁊􀁋􀁗􀀃􀁗􀁕􀁄􀁑􀁖􀁓􀁒􀁕􀁗􀀝􀀃􀆂􀁑􀁄􀁑􀁆􀁈􀀐􀁕􀁈􀁏􀁄􀁗􀁈􀁇􀀃􀁆􀁒􀁑􀁖􀁌􀁇􀁈􀁕􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁒􀁑􀁖........................................................135
E. Summarizing the points ..........................................................................................................................139