Europeaneconomic review 2023年第1期

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1.The state ofhiring discrimination: A meta-analysis of (almost) all recent correspondenceexperiments

招聘歧视的现状:(几乎)近期所有通信实验的元分析

Louis Lippens, Siel Vermeiren, Stijn Baert

Notwithstanding the improved integration ofvarious minority groups in the workforce, unequal treatment in hiring stillhinders many individuals’ access to the labour market. To tackle thisinaccessibility, it is essential to know which and to what extent minoritygroups face hiring discrimination. This meta-analysis synthesises aquasi-exhaustive register of correspondence experiments on hiringdiscrimination published between 2005 and 2020. Using a random-effects model,we computed pooled discrimination ratios concerning ten discrimination groundsupon which unequal treatment in hiring is forbidden by law. Our meta-analysisshows that hiring discrimination against candidates with disabilities, oldercandidates, and less physically attractive candidates seems equally severe asthe unequal treatment of candidates with salient racial or ethniccharacteristics. Moreover, hiring discrimination against older applicants ismore prominent in Europe than in the United States. Last, while we initiallyfind a significant decrease in ethnic hiring discrimination in (Western)Europe, we find no structural evidence of recent temporal changes in hiringdiscrimination when controlling for the minority groups considered, at thecountry level, or based on the various other grounds within the scope of thisreview.

尽管各少数群体融入劳动力市场的情况有所改善，但雇用方面的不平等待遇仍然妨碍许多人进入劳动力市常为了解决这种难以接近的问题，必须知道少数群体在哪些方面以及在多大程度上面临招聘歧视。这项云分析综合了2005年至2020年期间发布的关于招聘歧视的近乎详尽的对应实验登记册。利用随机效应模型，我们计算了关于法律禁止在招聘中进行不平等待遇的十个歧视理由的综合歧视比率。我们的元分析表明，对残疾候选人、年龄较大的候选人和外貌较差的候选人的招聘歧视似乎与对具有明显种族或民族特征的候选人的不平等对待一样严重。此外，在欧洲，对年长求职者的招聘歧视比美国更突出。最后，虽然我们最初发现(西欧)的种族雇佣歧视显著减少，但在国家层面上控制考虑的少数群体或基于本审查范围内的各种其他理由时，我们没有发现雇佣歧视最近的时间变化的结构性证据。

2.Asylum policies and internationaltensions

庇护政策和国际紧张局势

Florin Cucu, LudovicPanon

This article examines howinternational relation dynamics shape asylum policies. Using data on asylumapplications in the European Union (EU) and international events from 1999 to2017, we document that EU Member States admit relatively more refugees whendiplomatic relations with the country of origin deteriorate. This result holdsafter controlling for push and pull factors as well as bilateral determinantsof refugee migration. Our results highlight the importance of non-humanitarianfactors in the grant of political asylum.

本文探讨了国际关系动态如何塑造庇护政策。利用1999年至2017年欧盟(EU)庇护申请和国际事件的数据，我们发现，当与原籍国的外交关系恶化时，欧盟成员国会接纳相对更多的难民。在控制了推动和拉动因素以及难民迁移的双边决定因素后，这一结果仍然成立。我们的结果突出了非人道主义因素在给予政治庇护方面的重要性。

3.Taxation and the transfer of patents: Evidence from Europe

税收与专利转让:来自欧洲的证据

Laurie Ciaramella

Istudy how taxes affect firms’ incentives to shift the location of intangibleassets. Using firm-level data on patent reassignments, I exploit variations instatutory tax rates and the introduction of “patent box” policies as shocksmodifying incentives to transfer patents across countries. The results suggesta large impact of taxes on asset shifting between affiliates, increasing withexpected patent income, and driven by very large firms. Patent boxes arepersistently associated with more incoming and less outgoing patent relocationsbetween affiliates. These findings suggest that taxes provide firms withincentives to shift income via patent relocation, and advocate for consideringpatent transfer strategies in tax policy.

我研究了税收如何影响企业转移无形资产地点的动机。利用公司层面的专利再分配数据，我利用法定税率的变化和“专利箱”政策的引入作为冲击，修改了跨国专利转移的激励。研究结果表明，税收对子公司间资产转移的影响很大，随着预期专利收入的增加而增加，并由非常大的公司驱动。专利箱总是与关联公司之间更多的进入和更少的流出专利迁移联系在一起。这些结果表明，税收为企业通过专利转移实现收入转移提供了激励，并为专利转移战略的制定提供了政策依据。

4.Understanding cognitive decline in older ages: The role of health shocks

了解老年人认知能力下降:健康冲击的作用

ValentinSchiele, Hendrik Schmitz

Individual cognitive functioning declinesover time. We seek to understand how adverse physical health shocks in olderages contribute to this development. By use of event-study methods and datafrom the USA, England, and several countries in Continental Europe, we findevidence that health shocks lead to an immediate and persistent decline incognitive functioning. This robust finding holds in all regions representingdifferent health insurance systems and seems to be independent of underlyingindividual demographic characteristics such as sex and age. We also ask whethervariables that are susceptible to policy action can reduce the negativeconsequences of a health shock. Our results suggest that neither compulsoryeducation nor retirement regulations moderate the effects, thus emphasizing theimportance for cognitive functioning of maintaining good physical health in oldage.