If the ownership does not matter, the publicness matters. The first main question is to explain and test how publicness matters in the public service provision. The premise is that publicness leads to public interest and realization of public value. How remains unknown or at least not empirically grounded. Linking publicness and services to realize public value is important. The current simple direct linkages may be questioned or revised. In light of extant literature, publicness are reflected in funding, regulation, environment and value orientation, among others. More perplexing is that different factors may have accumulative effective or combined effects under different scenarios. As such, it would be hard to have a research design to cover all of these dimensions or interactive effects. The framing therefore needs to be very specific, but in the meantime to touch on the central premises. The survey of extant literature seems to provide a good amount of insight for possible research design. This would be one of the main themes in PA field as the central concern is to sustain and boost public value. Any dynamics, particularly any theories of dynamics would be greatly appreciated and grabbed by students in the field. The last one was PSM,which has been tested, but not up to good expectation empirically. The newer one would be publicness, a chance to unify different and scattered topics. The theoretical advances therefore should be in this direction. contributions are: 1. not focused on internal factors or the correspondence (or lack thereof) between external impact and internal structural and managerial behaviors. the pure focus on how external stakeholders shape the organizational behaviors, arguably through manipulating internal process. this limitation needs to be mentioned 2. definition of publicness： attachment to public service values or ethos, or effects of political authorities or government influences. Political authorities extend beyond governmental influences to include professional rules often imposed by self-governance in professional fields.
Are We Halfway Through Our Lost Decade? (4 Charts Inside) by JT McGee Tweet Tweet Housing crises tend to create debt crises. And debt crises are generally far more damaging than recessions caused by bloated asset values. I took a quick trip through FRED and Wikipedia only to be shocked at what I found. We’re Broke, But It Sure is Cheap Allow me to introduce you to this chart, the percentage of disposable income used to service the debt of an American household: You’ll notice that consumers seem to be doing very well when it comes to paying their debts. We are very capable of making our monthly obligations. This is why the default rate on credit cards and auto loans is now at a multi-year low. In fact, credit card delinquencies are coming in a sloth-like pace we haven’t seen since 2001 , while only 1/300 people are late on their car payments . Impressive, huh? Most impressively, the debt service costs of the average American continue to drop while the amount of debt consumers finance has only gone up. Observe the change in this chart, a chart of the total amount of household debt relative to disposable income. Notice that in 1980 Americans had debt equal to roughly 70% of their disposable income and debt service payments equal to 11% of their income. In 2012, we spend 11% of our disposable income to finance debt worth as much as 110% of our disposable income. Basically, $11 of debt demands as much from the American consumer budget as $7 of debt did in 1980, adjusting for changes in income. Are the Boom Years Coming Back? Much has been made of a falling debt service ratio. Economists believe that a falling ratio will allow for economic expansion in that borrowers are capable of carrying more debt now than they were before the collapse. I think this is half true. I think consumers are in a position where they can afford to borrow to spend. That’s good, I suppose, from the perspective of economic growth. However, it doesn’t address a critical problem – where will consumers find the money to borrow and spend? That’s the real issue. I want to introduce you to another chart of mortgage equity extraction, or the amount of money that households pulled out of home equity with financed dollars. Here’s a chart: Not pretty. As we know, real estate fueled much of the consumption boom from 2002-2006. In fact, it is believed that 75% of all GDP growth during that period was financed by home equity. Basically, without the real estate boom, the economy would have grown at one-fourth the pace it did from 2002-2006. It would not have grown. It would have just stagnated, kind of like the economy is stagnating right now. This is an important realization. It reminds us that the American economy will go nowhere without housing. Housing is a major source of financial leverage for American balance sheets. Take a look at just how much we inflated our “incomes” with home equity during the boom years: This is why I think we’re still only halfway through our lost decade. While homeowners are deleveraging, building in room in their budgets for debt, they will not be capable of borrowing for major purchases. Homeowners will not be capable of buying homes, or extracting home equity. Borrowers are capable of financing TVs, cars, or washing machines, but these are relatively unimportant when we talk about the grand scheme of things. We still have a long way to go. Yes, interest rates are low. And yes, we are spending significantly less on debt than we have in years gone by. But we are not in a position where we can add significantly more to our personal balance sheets. A credit card here and there and a car loan (secured!) just might fit, but a home equity loan – the source of most American liquidity – is still out of the picture.
Kermit the Frog is puppeteer Jim Henson 's most famous Muppet creation, first introduced in 1955. He is the protagonist of many Muppet projects, most notably as the host of The Muppet Show , and has appeared in various sketches on Sesame Street , in commercials and in public service announcements over the years. Kermit was performed by Henson until his death in 1990. Since then, Kermit has been performed by Steve Whitmire . He was voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects. Kermit performed the hit single " The Rainbow Connection " in 1979 for The Muppet Movie , the first feature-length film featuring Henson's Muppets. The song reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable worldwide since, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons , which is an "autobiography" told from the perspective of the character himself.
标签: service经管大学堂：名校名师名课
京公网安备 11010802022788号
论坛法律顾问：王进律师
知识产权保护声明
免责及隐私声明
