Nuclear reactions: General approach An outline of the general theory and modeling of nuclear reactions can be given in many ways. A common classification is in terms of time scales: short reaction times are associated with direct reactions and long reaction times with compound nucleus processes. At intermediate time scales, pre-equilibrium processes occur. An alternative, more or less equivalent, classification can be given with the number of intranuclear collisions, which is one or two for direct reactions, a few for pre-equilibrium reactions and many for compound reactions, respectively. As a consequence, the coupling between the incident and outgoing channels decreases with the number of collisions and the statistical nature of the nuclear reaction theories increases with the number of collisions. Figs. 3.1 and 3.2 explain the role of the different reaction mechanisms during an arbitrary nucleon-induced reaction in a schematic manner. They will all be discussed in this manual. This distinction between nuclear reaction mechanisms can be obtained in a more formal way by means of a proper division of the nuclear wave functions into open and closed configurations , as detailed for example by Feshbach’s many contributions to the field. This is the subject of several textbooks and will not be repeated here. When appropriate, we will return to the most important theoretical aspects of the nuclear models in TALYS in Chapter 4.
Gold Shorts Cover At Fastest Pace In 13 Years Submitted by Tyler Durden on 08/12/2013 08:36 -0400 Gold shorts covered an enormous 23,518 futures contracts last week - the equivalent of 2,351,800 ounces of gold. With JPMorgan appearing to be calling everyone ( here and here ) to get their hands on gold to deliver, it seems our concerns over a short-squeeze are starting to solidify . The last time shorts collapsed at this fast a rate was in the 1999/2000 period which saw a considerable 33% squeeze ramp in gold prices over the space of 3 weeks in the fall of 1999 . Notably, the gold short position still remains huge compared to historical values - having fallen back only to the previous all-time record high levels (i.e. plenty of room for moar squeeze). In addition to this surge in covering, Gold ETFs saw their first inflows in 2 months . as Gold ETFs saw their first inflows in 2 months... and the last time we saw shorts cover this size, prices surged... Charts: Bloomberg Average: 4.82353 Your rating: None Average: 4.8 ( 17 votes)
All the parities in China Which countries match the GDP, population and exports of Chinese provinces? FROM: Economist: http://www.economist.com/content/chinese_equivalents China is now the world's second-biggest economy, but some of its provinces by themselves would rank fairly high in the global league. Our map shows the nearest equivalent country. For example, Guangdong's GDP (at market exchange rates) is almost as big as Indonesia's; the output of both Jiangsu and Shandong exceeds Switzerland's . Some provinces may exaggerate their output: the sum of their reported GDPs is 10% higher than the national total. But over time the latter has consistently been revised up, suggesting that any overstatement is modest. What about other economic yardsticks? Guangdong exports as much as South Korea, Jiangsu as much as Taiwan . Shanghai's GDP per person is as high as Saudi Arabia's (at purchasing-power parity), though still well below that in China's special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau. At the other extreme, the poorest province, Guizhou, has an income per head close to that of India. Note that these figures use the same PPP conversion rate for th e whole of China, but prices are likely to be lower in poorer provinces than in richer ones, slightly reducing regional inequality. Correction, February 25th: The original figure given for Hong Kong's exports included re-exports. This has been changed to refer to domestic exports only.
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