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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation
Contents
Foreword v
Executive Summary vii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Study Focus 1
1.2 Global Energy Challenges Facing Transportation 3
1.3 U.S. Transportation 7
2. Mitigation Options 12
2.1 Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks Efficiency 12
2.2 Freight Trucks and Buses 21
2.3 Commercial Aircraft 24
2.4 Rail, Water, and Pipeline 30
2.5 System Efficiency 32
2.6 Moving Away from Petroleum-Based Fuels 42
2.7 Potential Breakthrough Technologies for the Long Term 51
3. Policies to Promote Mitigation 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Fuel Economy and GHG Standards 55
3.3 Pricing 60
3.4 Policy Strategy for Transportation GHG Mitigation 70
4. Mitigation Potential 74
4.1 Scenarios of Public Attitude Towards Climate Change 77
4.2 Scenarios of Public Policy Context 78
4.3 Scenarios for Rate of Technological Progress 78
4.4 Scenarios of Energy Prices 79
4.5 Policy Impacts 79
5. Conclusion 84
Appendices 87
Appendix A: Cost Estimates for Advanced Technologies and Fuels 87
Appendix B: The Kaya Method 91
Appendix C: The Government’s Role in Energy Transitions 93
References 95
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