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helloweenee 发表于 2011-8-5 17:09
theory of bounded rationality：individuals do not seek to maximize their benefit from a particular c ...

因为他把世界看作是没有任何联系的世界，忽视了事务间的关联性。（即不思考也不行动）。行政人士可以用相对简单的规则做出决策，这些决策仅仅依靠这些人士的思考能力是不可能做出的。

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Bounded rationality
              From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
            Bounded rationality is the idea that in decision making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions. It was proposed by Herbert Simon as an alternative basis for the mathematical modeling of decision making, as used in economics and related disciplines; it complements rationality as optimization, which views decision making as a fully rational process of finding an optimal choice given the information available.Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decision-makers lack the ability and resources to arrive at the optimal solution, they instead apply their rationality only after having greatly simplified the choices available. Thus the decision-maker is a satisficer, one seeking a satisfactory solution rather than the optimal one.[2] Simon used the analogy of a pair of scissors, where one blade is the "cognitive limitations" of actual humans and the other the "structures of the environment"; minds with limited cognitive resources can thus be successful by exploiting pre-existing structure and regularity in the environment.
      Some models of human behavior in the social sciences assume that humans can be reasonably approximated or described as "rational" entities (see for example rational choice theory). Many economics models assume that people are on average rational, and can in large enough quantities be approximated to act according to their preferences. The concept of bounded rationality revises this assumption to account for the fact that perfectly rational decisions are often not feasible in practice due to the finite computational resources available for making them.

a  talented  person.

bounded rationality  
有限理性
tenet  [ˈtenit]
n.信条
assimilate  [əˈsimileit]
vt.吸收，消化；使同化 vi.被吸收
cognitive  [ˈkɔgnitiv]
a.认知的，认识能力的
stupefy  [ˈstju:pifai]
v.(使)茫然，吓呆
rules of thumb  
n. 拇指规则, 经验原则
respondent  [ri'spɔndənt]
n.应答者, 被告
adj.回答的,应答的,感应的
drift  [drift]
vi.漂流, 漂移, 吹积, 漂泊, 偏离
vt.使漂流, 使堆积
n.漂流, 趋势, 漂泊
n.大意, 要旨, 听任, [地]冰碛, 水平巷道
keen  [ki:n]
a.热心的；敏锐的；激烈的；锋利的
optimal  [ˈɔptiməl]
a.最理想的

Herbert Simon is famous for his theory of bounded rationality. Since the individuals have no access to all the information required and they are bound by “cognitive limits”, Simon maintained that individuals seek to satisfy and suffice their benefit instead of maximizing utilities when making economic decisions.
The theory can be found in real-world behavior, such as taking an item good enough but maybe not an optimal one in shopping. Similarly, administrative man makes decisions with relatively simple rules of thumb rather than selecting the best alternative as economic man does. Another case is filling in questionnaires when respondents choose satisfactory answers instead of an optimum one.
Simon majored in economics, and later focused on the research field of decision-making within organizations with two guiding principles, one was the “hardening of social sciences”, and the other was to put forward closer cooperation between natural sciences and social sciences. He was a versatile man and won Nobel Prize for economics in 1978. His notable publications covered many areas, but were mainly on organizations and administrative behaviors.

In some degree, concerning bounded rationality, I think it's a choice between keeping prudence and taking risks. Sometimes we can get higher revenues, but it may cost more.  When meeting with an occasion, where every aspect fulfils our expectations, we may select that case. But for those challengers who like to find big profit, they may choose the optimum one. In management, a cozy position is ok, and no one knows whether further steps will bring profit or loss. Maybe one more step is a disastrous decision. But when it comes to economics, we use modules to estimate profit, thus helping us to get a higher profit. In my opinion, the former one is more socialistic, while the latter one is more objective. That's a difference.
In other words, in management, we never know what is the best until it happens.

不错呀，哈哈

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“My career was settled at least as much by drift as by choice”。这句话很实在。其实人生就是这样：一半是走一步看一步，一些偶然的事情就会改变一个人的人生轨迹。

Bounded rationality is easy to understand, but difficult to improve it
But it's not essential to be absolute rational

“Because he treats the world as rather empty and ignores the interrelatedness of all things (so stupefying to thought and action), administrative man can make decisions with relatively simple rules of thumb that do not make impossible demands upon his capacity for thought.”

因为他将世界看作一片空白，而忽视了所有事物之间的相互关联性（如此茫然地思考和行动），管理人员能够通过相对简单的经验法则来做出决策，不会穷尽他的思考极限而做出不可能的需求。