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APPENDICES
Contents
Appendix A Hardness .............................................................................................................. 5
Overview ....................................................................................................... 5
Units of Measure.......................................................................................... 5
Retrograde Solubility.................................................................................. 5
Forms of Hardness....................................................................................... 6
Methods of Measurement .......................................................................... 6
Removal Methods ........................................................................................ 7
WAC Resin in the Hydrogen Form....................................................... 7
SAC Resin in the Sodium Form ............................................................ 7
SAC Resin in the Hydrogen Form ........................................................ 7
Cold Lime Softening ............................................................................... 7
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis ................................................... 7
Scale Control with Antiscalants................................................................ 8
References ..................................................................................................... 8
Appendix B Alkalinity............................................................................................................. 9
Total Alkalinity............................................................................................. 9
Carbonate Chemistry .................................................................................. 9
Conversion of Free CO 2 to Bicarbonate Alkalinity ............................... 9
Conversion of Bicarbonate Alkalinity to Carbonate Alkalinity....... 10
Reaction with Calcium and Magnesium............................................... 11
Measurement .............................................................................................. 11
Removal of Alkalinity............................................................................... 12
References ................................................................................................... 12
Appendix C Resistivity/Conductivity................................................................................. 13
Appendix D ph Measurement of Pure Water .................................................................... 16
Appendix E Silt Density Index ............................................................................................ 18
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