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英文文献：New Insight into the Causal Linkage between Economic Expansion, FDI, Coal consumption, Pollutant emissions and Urbanization in South Africa-对南非经济扩张、外国直接投资、煤炭消费、污染物排放和城市化之间因果关系的新见解
英文文献作者：Udi Joshua,Festus V. Bekun,Samuel A. Sarkodie
英文文献摘要：
This study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment inflows and economic growth by incorporating the role of urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions as additional variables to avoid omitted variable bias. The different order of integration from the unit root test suggested the adoption of a dynamic autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure. The results confirmed the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the outlined series within the period under investigation with a high speed of convergence. The ARDL equilibrium relationship shows that coal consumption is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide emissions in both short- (0.77%) and long- (0.86%) run. Economic growth was found to escalate CO2 emission by approximately 0.27% (in the short-run) and 0.19% (in the long-run). The Granger causality test indicates a non-causal effect between FDI inflow and economic expansion in South Africa, which implies that FDI is not a driver of economic advancement. The empirical study shows a bidirectional causal effect between urbanization and foreign direct investment. This suggests that urban development stimulates foreign direct investment in South Africa. The findings reveal a one-way link from GDP to coal consumption, suggesting economic prosperity promotes coal consumption. The study underscores that economic development and the attraction of more economic investments is in part, dependent on the conservative policy, development of urban centres through infrastructural improvement, and establishing industrial zones.
本研究考察了外国直接投资流入和经济增长之间的关系，将城市化、煤炭消耗和二氧化碳排放作为附加变量，以避免遗漏变量偏差。与单位根检验不同阶次的积分，建议采用动态自回归分布滞后边界检验方法。结果证实了一个长期均衡关系之间概述的系列在调查期间，以高速收敛。ARDL平衡关系表明，无论是短期(0.77%)还是长期(0.86%)，煤炭消费都是最大的二氧化碳排放国。研究发现，经济增长会使二氧化碳排放上升约0.27%(短期)和0.19%(长期)。根据格兰杰因果检验，FDI流入与南非经济扩张之间不存在因果关系，说明FDI并不是南非经济发展的驱动力。实证研究表明，城市化与外商直接投资之间存在双向因果关系。这表明，城市发展刺激了外国对南非的直接投资。研究结果显示，GDP与煤炭消费之间存在单向联系，表明经济繁荣促进了煤炭消费。这项研究强调，经济发展和吸引更多的经济投资在一定程度上取决于保守政策、通过改善基础设施来发展城市中心和建立工业区。
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