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雷达卡
- 原文中additonal所表达的意思
- 供应曲线是不是一条水平直线
- 最后一问，发散型问题
原文：
Consider how health insurance affects the quantity of health care services performed. Suppose that the typical medical procedure has a cost of $100, yet a person with health insurance pays only $20 out-of-pocket when she chooses to have an additional procedure performed. Her insurance company pays the remaining $80. The insurance company will recoup the $80 through higher premiums for everybody, but the share paid by this individual is small.
a. Draw the demand curve in the market for medical care. In you diagram, the horizontal axis sould represent the number of medical procedures. Show the quantity of procedures demanded if each procedure has a price of $100.
b. On your diagram, show the quantity of procedures demanded if consumers pay only $20 per procedure. If the cost of each procedure to society is truly $100, and if individuals have health insurance as just described, will the number of procedures performed maximize total surplus? Explain.
c. Economists often blame the health insurance system for excessive use of medical care. Given your analysis, why might the use of medical care be viewed as "excessive"?
d. What sort of policies might prevent this excessive use?
译文：
现在考虑医疗保险制度对医疗需求量的影响。假设一个典型的医疗程序须花费100美元，然而一个拥有医保的患者只需自己支付20美元，其余80美元由保险公司支付。保险公司会通过提高所有投保人的保险费来补回这80美元的损失，但平摊到每个人的保费微乎其微。
a. 画一条医疗服务市的需求曲线，横坐标为医疗程序的数量。找出医疗程序的价格为100美元时的需求量。
b. 找出医疗程序的价格为20美元时的需求量。如果提供一个医疗程序对整个社会的花费恰为100美元，且每位患者都有如上所述的医疗保险，那么这个需求量能不能最大化消费者剩余与生产者剩余的总和？
c. 经济学家通常认为医保制度是医疗服务被过度使用的原因。根据以上分析结果，为什么这样的医疗服务使用量是过度的？
d. 什么样的政策能够避免医疗服务的过度使用？
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