世界宏观数据库链接总结（Markus Eberhardt）

Axel Dreher, a professor at the University of Goettingen in Germany, has compiled an [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Index of Globalisation, providing data on the economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation for 122 countries (1970-2005). As Masa Kudamatsu points out in his blog, [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Dani Rodrik seems to like the look of this approach. This index is now the the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]KOF Index of Globalization, provided by the KOF Swiss Economic institute at the Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zurich. It offersdata on three main dimensions of globalization (economic, social, political) in addition to variables measuring actual economic flows, economic restrictions, data on information flows, data on personal contact and data on cultural proximity. Data are available on an annual basis for 208 countries over the period 1970-2007. This index is still based on work by [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Axel Dreher(now at Heidelberg, affiliated to KOF Swiss Economic Institute at ETH) and co-authors.

$$ The IMF has the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Direction of Trade Statistics which provides total bilateral and multilateral exports and imports (from COMTRADE), aggregated at national or regional group level. The database contains over 100,000 quarterly and annual time series data for over 200 countries and territories. The period for which data are available varies from country to country, but most countries’ data extend from the 1980’s to the present. A 'historical' dataset is available for a smaller subset of countries (1948-1980). [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]ESDS covers this database and also provides additional information.

At Jon Haveland's website we can access James Rauch's [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]categorization of SITC Rev. 2 industries according to three possible types: differentiated products, reference priced, or homogeneous goods.

$$ This is a subscription-based data source, but we were recently searching for some [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]terms of trade data and found that the World Bank World Development Indicators actually go back to 1980, whereas anything from UNCTAD only goes back to the mid-1990s. Search for "Net barter terms of trade index".

Trade Unit Value indices (import, export) are provided in the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]TradePrices database by the Centre D'Etudes Prospectives et D'Information Internationales (CEPII) at the aggregate manufacturing sector level as well as 3-digit-level (ISIC).

The US Government Office of the Trade Representative [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers (link for 2008 report) surveys significant foreign barriers to U.S. exports. The report provides, where feasible, quantitative estimates of the impact of these foreign practices on the value of U.S. exports. These reports (compiled since the 1980s but only available online from 2001) are only published in pdf format. The data is perhaps most useful when reading up on the trade regime in individual countries.

The Center for International Business (CIB) at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth has established the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]CIB Trade Agreements Database and Archive. The database contains the text-searchable versions of all bilateral and regional free trade agreements and customs union agreements that have been notified to the WTO, and are in force, plus many that have not been notified to the WTO. The Archive contains the full texts of these agreements.

Investment Flows, including Foreign Aid and Foreign Direct Investment
With regard to macro FDI data the UNCTAD [color=#089c9 !important]World Investment Directory on-line provides a wealth of information on FDI inflows and outflows, stocks, etc. Note that you CAN download data for more than just one country by going to 'Interactive Database' (links on the left of the page), which will take you to 'FDIStat' which is of the standard 20/20 format.

Update September 2010: UNCTAD has now created a snazzy website that combines all of its statistical databases:[color=#089c9 !important]UNCTADstat has lots of data on trade (merchandise, services), FDI flows and stocks (inward FDI from 1970!), external finance (incl. remittances), labour force/employment, global commodity price indices (from 1960!) as well as some more recent rubrics such as the creative and information economies and maritime transport (from around 2000).

The Global Trade Policy Analysis group at the AgEcon Department of Purdue University provides a number of datasets related to trade and investment but also climate change and geography. "The GTAP Data Base is a [color=#089c9 !important]fully documented, publicly available global data base which contains complete bilateral trade information, transport and protection linkages among [color=#089c9 !important]113 regions for all [color=#089c9 !important]57 GTAP commodities for a single year (2004 in the case of the GTAP 7 Data Base)." Single academic user licenses for GTAP 7 are $520, but a large number of free datasets (including summaries of GTAP, Social Accounting Matrix [SAM] extraction, the Global [bilateral] FDI Dataset, [color=#089c9 !important]Project on Bilateral Labor Migration, CO2 emissions) can be found [color=#089c9 !important]here.

A fantastic resource for aid empiric fans is provided by AidData (see separate entry below): [color=#089c9 !important]replication data for a vast number of empirical papers related to aid and development (all those Tarp et al, Rajan and Subramanian, Burnside and Dollar, Roodman papers) are linked or provided for download. [Thanks to [color=#089c9 !important]Paddy Carter at Bristol for the link]

A new database for all metrics related to foreign aid has been launched with a conference in Oxford in March 2010: [color=#089c9 !important]AidDatahas compiled figures "from a range of official sources, including the OECD Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database, donor annual reports, project documents from both bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, and data gathered directly from donor agencies". Crucially, the database covers both commitments and disbursements (which like in the FDI case deviate considerably) and refers to grants, mixed loans and grants, loans at discretionary rates from multilateral agencies, loans/loan guarantees at market rates, lechnical assistance, and sector program aid transfers in cash or in kind. There's a [color=#089c9 !important]blog and lots of dedicated tools and information about aid data. All of this is the follow-up to the PLAID Project (a partnership of theCollege of William and Mary and Brigham Young University) which has now merged with Development Gateway's Accessible Information on Development Activities (AiDA) [thanks to [color=#089c9 !important]Nic van de Sijpe for the pointer].

The Kiel Institute for the World Economy provides very detailed [color=#089c9 !important]foreign-investment data for three OECD economies, namely Germany, Japan and the United States. The data are annual for 1980 to 2010 and give you the share of each of these three countries' sectoral investment in geographic regions (and a small groups of named countries within each region outside the OECD) as a percentage of total sectoral FDI.

The World Bank has recently published its annual World Development Report, which this year focuses on [color=#089c9 !important]Conflict, Security and Development. A dedicated [color=#089c9 !important]website makes the data underlying the analysis in the report easily accessible. The excel spreadsheet covers a total of 211 countries, with maximum coverage over the years 1960-2009. The data is not limited to conflict and political economy issues but also covers geography, colonial history and foreign aid among other topics. All of the data is publicly available (and many datasets are featured here on MEDevEcon), but the unique advantage here is bringing a vast number of conflict-related data from dozens of sources (PRIO, UNHCR, Polity IV, etc.) together in a single spreadsheet (and doing a great job documenting the data and sources.

$$ The IMF recently started the [color=#089c9 !important]Coordinated Direct Investment Survey (CSID), which will provide a measure of the stock of FDI by source country. 130 receiving or investing economies have signed up for this project, which will provide the first data in around mid-2010. Unfortunately, they will only publish the stock data, not the flows on which these are based.

The OECD has detailed data on aid flows and ODA, as well as international direct investment, contained in its brilliant new[color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]OECD iLibrary. Data coverage varies, e.g. for FDI flows by industry we have data for 1980-2007, whereas for ODA by recipient country the data is for 1960-2007. The OECD also maintains the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]QWIDS Query Wizard for International Development Statistics, which helps when you are selecting and downloading aid-related statistics.

The World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) "have partnered to make global data on aid funding more easily accessible. [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Aidflows offers new transparency about the flow of development funds from countries providing aid resources (donors) to countries receiving these funds (beneficiaries).  This initiative is part of ongoing efforts to enhance the open access to data and information on development aid." For the moment it seems (conditional on my not being too inept to find the option) that display of data is limited to the last decade - it might be useful to change this given that lots more data is available. There are a lot of graphs and tables, bringing together WB and OECD indicators/data - a useful feature is the link to the WB and OECD data sources, i.e. you get taken to OECD DAC dataset if you want more details on ODA. [This was mentioned in a blog entry by [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Neil Fathom of the World Bank]

The UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) maintains the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Financial Tracking Service (FTS). "FTS is a global, real-time database which records all reported international humanitarian aid (including that for NGOs and the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement, bilateral aid, in-kind aid, and private donations). FTS features a special focus on consolidated and flash appeals, because they cover the major humanitarian crises and because their funding requirements are well defined - which allows FTS to indicate to what extent populations in crisis receive humanitarian aid in proportion to needs... All FTS data are provided by donors or recipient organisations." [this data was featured on the UK [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Guardian newspaper's [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Global Development Data website]

The Washington-based Center for Global Development (Roodman, Radelet, Subramanian, Birdsall, Clemens and many others) have a [color=#089c9 !important]link to datasets on their publications website. Highlights include data on net-aid transfers (1960-2007):see the next two entries.

From the same source is David Roodman's [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Commitment to Development Index (CDI), which "rates 22 rich countries on how much they help poor countries build prosperity, good government, and security. Each rich country gets scores in seven policy areas, which are averaged for an overall score." The CDI was first compiled in 2003.

CGD's [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]David Roodman has updated his [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Net Aid Transfer database at the beginning of this year. "NAT is built from the same underlying DAC data as ODA. The NAT data set includes totals by donor (for 1960–2009), by recipient (1965–2009), and by donor and recipient (1965–2009), all in current and constant dollars. Figures by donor are also available in national currencies. The data tables by donor and recipient are too large to fit in a Microsoft Excel 2003 file, and so are provided as comma-delimited text files in a zip archive." This [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]paper Roodman has written in 2005 is also relevant.

The World Bank publishes the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]Migration and Remittances Factbook (2011) as part of the OpenData initiative. This covers inflows and outflows of remittances from 1970 to 2009 (+2010 estimated) for basically all countries in the world (naturally: lots of missing observations, but from the mid-1970s onwards the data coverage is pretty impressive).

Chris Adam at Oxford University provides the [color=rgb(0, 137, 201) !important]files for the social accounting matrix and GAMS/Matlab program code for his work on aid in African economies for use in CGE and DSGE modelling.

Historical Data (pre-1900)
Please note that the data below may also contain micro-datasets - I felt it more advantageous to bring all the historical datasets together in one spot, rather than divide them between macro and micro.

Diego Comin and Bart Hobijn constructed the [color=#089c9 !important]Historical Cross-Country Technology Adoption (HCCTA) dataset, available at NBER. This data allows for the analysis of the adoption patterns of some of the major technologies introduced in the past 250 years across the World's leading industrialized economies. This comes as an excel file with macros included, but if you prefer to play around with full data you can download the ASCII version.

The Economic History Association has links to a number of [color=#089c9 !important]databases for economic historians. In order to use these you just need to register with EH (free). Just looking at the data titles, this is a great resource: Italy - Florentine Domains and the City of Verona: 1427, French Slave and Long Distance Trading Profits During the 18th Century, Ottoman Economic/Social History: 1600-1900, to name just a few. Naturally, these data are primarily for (now) developed economies, but there are some links to colonial data, e.g. Developing Country Export Statistics: 1840, 1860, 1880 and 1900.

The [color=#089c9 !important]European State Finance Database is an open repository for economic historians co-managed by Dr D’Maris Coffman (Centre for Financial History, Newnham College, University of Cambridge) and Dr Anne Murphy (University of Hertfordshire). It "represents the outcome of an international collaborative research project for the collection, archiving and dissemination of data on European fiscal history across the medieval, early modern and modern periods." At the moment there are links to around 60 datasets, covering Spanish crown finance, Restoration Excise Receipts (1660-1708) and many other interesting-sounding datasets. Definitely a treasure trove for empirically-minded economic historians. [Thanks to my buddy [color=#089c9 !important]Mark Koyama for pointing out this database]

Another astonishing resource for historical data is provided by the [color=#089c9 !important]Global Price and Income Group at UC Davis. Looking at their datamap, SSA is blank, but there are quite a few sources for Latin America, South Asia and East Asia.

Louis Putterman at Brown University has compiled an [color=#089c9 !important]Agricultural Transition Year Data Set which provides estimates for "the year when the first significant region within each of 165 present-day countries underwent a transition from reliance mainly on gathered wild and hunted food sources to reliance mainly on cultivated crops (and livestock)." This data is very much in line with the long-run growth theory work coming out of Brown.

Data on [color=#089c9 !important]Anglo-African Trade (1699-1808), originally compiled by Marion Johnson, is available on the Dutch Data Archiving and Networked Services webpages, crediting J. Th. Lindblad at Leiden. "This dataset contains figures on the trade between England and Africa during the period 1699-1808: imports, exports, re-exports and indirect imports. A distinction is made between different trade flows (Londen, outports, re-exports in time and out of time, etc.). Quantities and values are given for 1100 different commodities in the eighteenth century, units (also decimalized) and pounds. Aggregates are given for each year and for each type of trade. The dataset also includes the total trade figures for England between 1700 until 1800. The dataset has been created for research purposes, in order to analyse the trade between England and Africa in the eighteenth century." Documentation is limited and you have to register and log in to get access to these data (in txt format).

A team of researchers headed by David Eltis and Martin Halbert (both at Emory University in Atlanta) provide a fantastic resource for the empirical analysis of the slave trade: [color=#089c9 !important]The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database "comprises nearly 35,000 individual slaving expeditions between 1514 and 1866. Records of the voyages have been found in archives and libraries throughout the Atlantic world. They provide information about vessels, enslaved peoples, slave traders and owners, and trading routes. [...] The website provides full interactive capability to analyze the data and report results in the form of statistical tables, graphs, maps, or on a timeline." The dataset contains the 99 variables and is made available in three formats: SPSS (.sav), comma delimited (.csv), and dBase (.dbf).  [Thanks to [color=#089c9 !important]James Fenske at Oxford for pointing out this database]

Bob Allen's website at Nuffiled has links to [color=#089c9 !important]historical wage and price data for a number of countries, cities and occupations respectively.

David Ormrod, James M. Gibson and Owen Lyne (University of Kent) provide decadal time series [color=#089c9 !important]data on rent movements in London and the South-East of England for 1580-1914. Their paper lends support to the notion that ‘the city drove the countryside, not the reverse’ in terms of development, which is (said to be) expressed in research by [color=#089c9 !important]Bob Allen amongst others. The debate seems relevant to development economics today where some people talk about anti-agriculture bias and suggest that because the largest share of the work force is engaged in agriculture this sector must be the focus on development/policy efforts.

Patrick Manning at the World History Center, University of Pittsburgh, is governor to the [color=#089c9 !important]World-Historical Dataverse Project, which is "intended to the contribute to creation of a comprehensive set of data on social-scientific, health, and environmental data for the world as a whole and for its constituent regions and localities, for the past four or five centuries." At present a total of nineteen datasets are linked but I imagine this is going to increase soon. [Also check out Manning's article in the Journal of Comparative Economics [color=#089c9 !important]"Historical datasets on Africa and the African Atlantic" (subscription required) from which the previous entry on Anglo-African trade was taken]

Joerg Baten, a professor for economic history at Tuebingen (or as we folk from nearby Metzingen would say: Gogenhausen) University provides a [color=#089c9 !important]wealth of historical data on the website for his chair. One data hub provides height measures ("Data on heights and the biological standard of living are among the most important sources of information in social- and economic-historical research, especially for the pre-statistical period") for Germany, the US, Austria, and a number of other countries. The second data hub is entitled 'Firms and Capital Markets' and offers stock exchange data data from Germany, Russia, the US, England and China starting from the early 19th century. Users need to register to access the data and are also encouraged to deposit their own historical datasets (not all data posted is from Professor Baten).

Louis Putterman at Brown University provides another historical dataset, the [color=#089c9 !important]World Migration Matrix (1950-2000), detailing for each of 165 countries "the proportion of the ancestors in 1500 of that country's population today that were living within what are now the borders of that and each of the other countries." There's a lot of documentation provided to reference all these estimates.

The PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency provides the [color=#089c9 !important]History Database of the Global Environment(interestingly, the acronym is HYDE). HYDE presents (gridded) time series of population and land use for the last 12,000 years ! It also presents various other indicators such as GDP, value added, livestock, agricultural areas and yields, private consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and industrial production data, but only for the last century.

The Yale School of Management has a dedicated website for [color=#089c9 !important]Historical Financial Research Data which includes the Shanghai Stock Exchange project (during the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries) and data for the famous South Sea Bubble: "The South Seas Bubble 1720 Project is a collection of stock prices for  a large number of the traded companies in 1720. These include Dutch firms quoted in markets in the Netherlands, British firms quoted in the Netherlands,  and some previously unstudied  British firms quoted in London."

The Center for Financial Stability (CFS) hosts the [color=#089c9 !important]Historical Financial Statistics, which aims "to be a source of comprehensive, authoritative, easy-to-use macroeconomic data stretching back several centuries. Our target range of coverage is from 1492 to the present, with special emphasis on the years before 1950, which few databases cover in detail." (hm, why start with 1492 if most data are for other countries than North American ones?). The archive, edited by Kurt Schuler, was only started in late 2010, so there are for now a lot of empty spreadsheets in the 'Country' section of the website (which splits statistics into 'Country tables' and 'International tables'). [I found a link to HFS on GMU's [color=#089c9 !important]David Youngberg's website]

Nathan Nunn at Harvard University provides the data for his papers on his [color=#089c9 !important]personal website, which includes (among others) US state-level data on slavery (1790-1860) and slavery data for The Americas in 1750. The data is in Stata format.

Matthew Ciolek at Australian National University edits the site for the [color=#089c9 !important]Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) Project: "This site supports online research in the field of dromography and provides a public-access electronic archive of geo/chrono-referenced data on land, river and maritime trade routes of Eurasia and Africa during the period 10,000 BCE - circa 1820 CE." The files are published in CSV, MapInfo and Google Earth (KML) formats, downloadable by region. There's also a link to the Trade Routes Resources [color=#089c9 !important]blog [via Masa Kudamatsu's [color=#089c9 !important]DevEconData blog]

[color=#089c9 !important]Historic Commodity Price data (1835-1950) for 35 countries, which includes some developing and colonialised countries such as China, Cuba, Ceylon, among others. The data is provided by Chris Blattman and the link gives a number of papers and references with detailed information on the data. [I got this link off Masa Kudamatsu's blog.]

The Center for Geographic Analysis at Harvard University in collaboration with Shanghai's Fudan University provides a large number of [color=#089c9 !important]historical GIS 'maps' for China: once mastered (no simple task) this type of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) data allows for spatial analysis of Chinese development. You need to register but access is free, data is in shapefiles or xls or Access (depending on the dataset). There are a large number of datasets from the days of the Legalists and Qin Shihuang (221 BC) to the 1990s (AD).

Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley, and Malcolm K. Hughes provide the [color=#089c9 !important]data to go with their 1998 Nature article entitled 'Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the past Six Centuries'. There are annual grid-ed temperature data for 1730-1980 and even longer time series going back to the 1400s. [Thanks to [color=#089c9 !important]James Fenske at Oxford for pointing out this database]

The Data & Information Services Center (DISC) Archive at University of Wisconsin-Madison provides access to the raw data and documentation which contains information on the following [color=#089c9 !important]slave trade topics from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: records of slave ship movement between Africa and the Americas, slave ships of eighteenth century France, slave trade to Rio de Janeiro, Virginia slave trade in the eighteenth century, English slave trade (House of Lords Survey), Angola slave trade in the eighteenth century, internal slave trade to Rio de Janeiro, slave trade to Havana, Cuba, Nantes slave trade in the eighteenth century, and slave trade to Jamaica. This aside DISC hosts a number of datasets with relevance for economic historians [Thanks to Gunilla Petterson, who featured the DISC site on [color=#089c9 !important]developmentdata.org]

Funded by the IADB, the Oxford Latin American Economic History Database ([color=#089c9 !important]OxLAD) contains statistical series for a wide range of economic and social indicators covering twenty countries in the region for the period 1900-2000. Its purpose is to provide economic and social historians worldwide with a systematic recompilation of available statistical information in a single on-line source. The website also provides other resources including a long list of references, many of them in Spanish, and detailed discussion of the methodology of data construction. Downloads are in csv format.

马克

顶一下，确实不错~

好东东，谢谢。

不错，知识的力量是无穷的。