求教关于垄断联合的形式

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教科书上列出了四种：卡特尔、辛迪加、托拉斯、康采恩。

1.各自的翻译是什么？
2.其分别对应于现实生活中的哪些垄断联合？
3.这些形式在现代是否还存在？

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关键词：现实生活 辛迪加 托拉斯 教科书 卡特尔 联合 现实生活 卡特尔 教科书 康采恩

I assume you mean,
Cartels, Syndicates, Trusts, and Konzern.

Yes, there are still there.

A cartel is a formal, explicit agreement among competing firms. It is a formal organization of producers and manufacturers that agree to fix prices, marketing, and production.

Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry, where the number of sellers is small (usually because barriers to entry, most notably startup costs, are high) and the products being traded are usually commodities.

Cartel members may agree on such matters as price fixing, total industry output, market shares, allocation of customers, allocation of territories, bid rigging, establishment of common sales agencies, and the division of profits or combination of these.


A syndicate is a self-organizing group of individuals, companies, corporations or entities formed to transact some specific business, to pursue or promote a shared interest. In most cases formed groups aim to scale up their profits. Although there are many legal syndicates formed around the world, the usage of the term "the syndicate" in colloquial English often refers to one involved in illegal activities.


A "trust," or "corporate trust" is a large business. Originally, it was Standard Oil, which was already the largest corporation in the world.


A "Konzern" is a type of business group common in Europe, particularly in Germany. It results from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management. These associated companies are called "Group" companies.

I hope this helps.
Thank you buddy.

pretty cool~