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英文文献：Environmental Degradation and Inclusive Human Development in sub‐Saharan Africa-撒哈拉以南非洲的环境退化和包容性人类发展
英文文献作者：Simplice Asongu,Nicholas Odhiambo
英文文献摘要：
In the light of challenges to sustainable development in the post-2015 development agenda, this study assesses how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions affect inclusive human development in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The following findings are established from Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively positive and negative from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a Kuznets shaped curve because of consistent decreasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are consistently positive. The following findings are apparent from Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively negative and positive from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a U-shaped curve because of consistent increasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are overwhelmingly negative. Based on the robust findings and choice of best estimator, the net effect of increasing CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is negative. Policy implications are discussed.
鉴于2015年后发展议程对可持续发展的挑战，本研究评估了2000-2012年期间，不断增加的二氧化碳排放如何影响撒哈拉以南非洲44个国家的包容性人类发展。以下研究结果是由固定效应和Tobit回归得到的。首先，人均CO2排放、液体燃料消耗CO2排放和CO2强度对无条件影响和条件影响分别是正的和负的。这意味着Kuznets形状的曲线，因为收益持续下降。其次，相应的净效应始终是积极的。从广义矩法(GMM)回归中可以明显看出以下发现。首先，人均CO2排放、液体燃料消耗CO2排放和CO2强度对无条件影响和条件影响分别是负影响和正影响。这意味着一个u型曲线，因为收益持续增长。其次，相应的净影响是极其负面的。根据可靠的发现和最佳估计值的选择，二氧化碳排放增加对包容性人类发展的净影响是负面的。讨论了政策含义。
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