Spatial Data
Analysis
Theory and Practice
Robert Haining
University of Cambridge
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction 1
0.1 About the book 1
0.2 What is spatial data analysis? 4
0.3 Motivation for the book 5
0.4 Organization 8
0.5 The spatial data matrix 10
Part A The context for spatial data analysis
1 Spatial data analysis: scientific and policy context 15
1.1 Spatial data analysis in science 15
1.1.1 Generic issues of place, context and space in scientific
explanation 16
(a) Location as place and context 16
(b) Location and spatial relationships 18
1.1.2 Spatial processes 21
1.2 Place and space in specific areas of scientific explanation 22
1.2.1 Defining spatial subdisciplines 22
1.2.2 Examples: selected research areas 24
(a) Environmental criminology 24
(b) Geographical and environmental (spatial)
epidemiology 26
(c) Regional economics and the new economic
geography 29
vii(d) Urban studies 31
(e) Environmental sciences 32
1.2.3 Spatial data analysis in problem solving 33
1.3 Spatial data analysis in the policy area 36
1.4 Some examples of problems that arise in analysing
spatial data 40
1.4.1 Description and map interpretation 40
1.4.2 Information redundancy 41
1.4.3 Modelling 41
1.5 Concluding remarks 41
2 The nature of spatial data 43
2.1 The spatial data matrix: conceptualization and
representation issues 44
2.1.1 Geographic space: objects, fields and geometric
representations 44
2.1.2 Geographic space: spatial dependence in attribute
values 46
2.1.3 Variables 47
(a) Classifying variables 48
(b) Levels of measurement 50
2.1.4 Sample or population? 51
2.2 The spatial data matrix: its form 54
2.3 The spatial data matrix: its quality 57
2.3.1 Model quality 58
(a) Attribute representation 59
(b) Spatial representation: general considerations 59
(c) Spatial representation: resolution and
aggregation 61
2.3.2 Data quality 61
(a) Accuracy 63
(b) Resolution 67
(c) Consistency 70
(d) Completeness 71
2.4 Quantifying spatial dependence 74
(a) Fields: data from two-dimensional continuous
space 74
(b) Objects: data from two-dimensional discrete
space 79
2.5 Concluding remarks 87。。。
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。