Cost of land degradation and improvement in Eastern Africa-非洲东部土地退化和改善的成本

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英文文献：Cost of land degradation and improvement in Eastern Africa-非洲东部土地退化和改善的成本
英文文献作者：Kirui, Oliver K.,Mirzabaev, Alisher
英文文献摘要：
Land degradation – defined by the Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) initiative as a “reduction in the economic value of ecosystem services and goods derived from land” – is a serious impediment to improving rural livelihoods and food security of millions of people in the Eastern Africa region. The objectives of this paper are three fold; to identify the state, extent and patterns of land degradation, to estimate the costs of land degradation, and to compares the costs of action against inaction against land degradation using the Total Economic Value approach in four countries – Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania. Results show that land degradation hotspots cover about 51%, 41%, 23% and 22% of the terrestrial areas in Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia and Kenya respectively. Following the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework, the cost of land degradation between 2001-2009 periods is about 2 billion USD in Malawi, 11 billion USD in Kenya, 18 billion USD in Tanzania and 35 billion USD in Ethiopia. These represents about 5%, 7%, 14% and 23%, of GDP in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Ethiopia respectively. Taking action against land degradation is more favorable than inaction in both short-term (6 year) and a long-term (30 year) periods. During the 30-year period, for every dollar spent on taking action against land degradation users will expect a return of about $ 4.2 in Ethiopia, $ 4.1 in Kenya, $ 3.8 in Tanzania, and $ 3.7 in Malawi.

土地退化的经济学(ELD)倡议将土地退化定义为“生态系统服务和从土地获得的商品的经济价值的减少”，它是改善东非地区数百万人的农村生活和粮食安全的严重障碍。本文的目标有三方面;确定土地退化的状况、程度和模式，估计土地退化的成本，并使用总经济价值方法比较四个国家(埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马拉维和坦桑尼亚)对土地退化采取行动和不采取行动的成本。结果表明，坦桑尼亚、马拉维、埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚的土地退化热点地区分别占陆地面积的51%、41%、23%和22%。按照总经济价值(TEV)框架，2001-2009年间，马拉维土地退化的成本约为20亿美元，肯尼亚为110亿美元，坦桑尼亚为180亿美元，埃塞俄比亚为350亿美元。这分别占肯尼亚、马拉维、坦桑尼亚和埃塞俄比亚GDP的5%、7%、14%和23%。无论是短期(6年)还是长期(30年)，对土地退化采取行动都比不采取行动更有利。在30年期间，在采取行动防止土地退化方面每花费1美元，埃塞俄比亚将获得4.2美元，肯尼亚为4.1美元，坦桑尼亚为3.8美元，马拉维为3.7美元。

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