数量微观经济学Quantum Microeconomics

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I One: The optimizing individual 11
1 Decision theory 13
1.1 Decision trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Example: Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Math: Optimization and calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Optimization over time 29
2.1 Lump sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Perpetuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Capital theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 Math: Present value and budget constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Math: Trees and fish 43
3.1 Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4 Inflation 53
4.1 Nominal and real interest rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2 Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5 Optimization and risk 59
5.1 Reducing risk with diversification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Math: Indifference curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6 Transition: Arbitrage 69
6.1 No arbitrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.2 Rush-hour arbitrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.3 Financial arbitrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

II One v. one, one v. many 75
7 Cake-cutting 77
7.1 Some applications of game theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.2 Cake-cutting: The problem of fair division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.3 The importance of trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8 Economics and social welfare 87
8.1 Cost-benefit analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.2 Pareto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.3 Example: Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9 Sequential move games 95
9.1 Backward induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10 Simultaneous move games 105
10.1 Strictly dominant strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
10.2 The Prisoners’ Dilemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
11 Application: Fisheries 109
11.1 An economic perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
11.2 A brief look at government intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
11.3 ITQs to the rescue? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12 Iterated dominance and Nash equilibrium 115
12.1 Iterated dominance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
12.2 Nash equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.3 Infinitely repeated games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.4 Mixed strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.5 Math: Mixed strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
13 Application: Auctions 133
13.1 Kinds of auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
13.2 Bid-shading and truth-revelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
13.3 Auction equivalences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
13.4 Auction miscellany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
14 Transition: Game theory v. price theory 143
14.1 Monopolies in the long run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
14.2 Barriers to entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
III Many v. many 147
15 Supply and demand basics 149
15.1 The story of supply and demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
15.2 Shifts in supply and demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

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关键词：microecon Economics Economic Microeco Quantum 微观经济学 数量 Quantum

具体介绍下

About this book

quantum Physics. A minimum amount of a physical quantity which
can exist and by multiples of which changes in the quantity occur.
(Oxford English Dictionary)
The “quantum” of economics is the optimizing individual. All of economics
ultimately boils down to the behavior of such individuals. Microeconomics
studies their basic actions and interactions: individual markets, supply and
demand, the impact of taxes, monopoly, etc. Macroeconomics then lumps
together these individual markets to study national and international issues.
In structure this book—which covers only microeconomics—is not unlike a
hiking trip. We start out by putting our boots on and getting our gear together:
in Part I we study the optimizing individual. Then we set out on our path
and immediately find ourselves hacking through some pretty thick jungle: even
simple interactions between just two people (Part II) can be very complicated!
As we add even more people (in studying auctions, for example), things get
even more complicated, and the jungle gets even thicker. Then a miracle occurs:
we add even more people, and a complex situation suddenly becomes simple.
After hacking through thick jungle, we find ourselves in a beautiful clearing:
competitive markets (Part III) are remarkably easy to analyze and understan
My hope is for this book to become a successful open source endeavor `a la
the Linux operating system. You can find out more about open source online1;
of particular note is Eric S. Raymond’s essay “The Cathedral and the Bazaar”,
available in bookstores and also online2. Two of the maxims from this essay—
which was one of the inspirations for this book—are:
• If you treat your [users] as if they’re your most valuable resource, they
will respond by becoming your most valuable resource.
• (“Linus’s Law”) Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.

Raymond’s focus was on software, but I believe that these maxims also hold true
for textbooks. In the context of textbooks, “users” are students and instructors,
and “bugs” are typos, arithmetic mistakes, confusing language, substantive er-
rors, and other shortcomings. (One lesson from The Cathedral and the Bazaar
is that finding bugs is often harder than fixing them.)
In terms of nuts and bolts, this book is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial License3. The basic idea is that the license allows
you to use and/or modify this document for non-commercial purposes as long as
you credit Quantum Microeconomics as the original source. Combine the legal
stuff with the open-source philosophy and here is what it all means. . .
. . . For students and instructors This book is freely available online4. (One
advantage of the online edition is that all the “online” links are clickable.) Please
contribute your comments, suggestions, and ideas for improvement: let me know
if you find a typo or a cool website, or even if there’s a section of the book that
you just found confusing and/or in need of more work. If you’re looking for
something more substantial to sink your teeth into, you can add or rewrite a
section or create some new homework problems. Hopefully you will get some
personal satisfaction from your contribution; instructors will hopefully offer ex-
tra credit points as well.
. . . For writers and publishers The LATEX source code for this book— LATEX
is a free typesetting program that you can learn about online5 and/or from
many mathematicians or scientists—is available online6 if you are interested in
modifying the text and/or publishing your own version. I encourage you to
submit something from your own area of expertise as a contribution to the text:
the economic arguments for specialization apply nicely in the world of textbook
writing, and the alternative—having one or two people write about such a broad
subject—is an invitation for trouble. (For an example, see this excerpt online7.)

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