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2009经济学与心理学：来自田野的证据.pdf
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Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47:2, 315–372-http:www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jel.47.2.315 315
Psychology and Economics:Evidence from the Field
Stefano DellaVigna
The research in Psychology and Economics (a.k.a. Behavioral Economics) suggests that
individuals deviate from the standard model in three respects: (1) nonstandard preferences,(2) nonstandard beliefs, and (3) nonstandard decision making. In this paper, I survey the empirical evidence from the field on these three classes of deviations. The evidence covers a number of applications, from consumption to finance, from crime to voting, from charitable giving to labor supply. In the class of nonstandard preferences,I discuss time preferences (self-control problems), risk preferences (reference dependence),and social preferences. On nonstandard beliefs, I present evidence on overconfidence,on the law of small numbers, and on projection bias. Regarding nonstandard decision making, I cover framing, limited attention, menu effects, persuasion and social pressure, and emotions. I also present evidence on how rational actors-firms,employers, CEOs, investors, and politicians—respond to the nonstandard behavior described in the survey. Finally, I briefly discuss under what conditions experience and market interactions limit the impact of the nonstandard features.
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