发帖
雷达卡
Collins, Randall-Violence _ a micro-sociological theory-Princeton University Pre.pdf
(6.3 MB, 需要: 22 个论坛币)
序：开始研究暴力，是因为我意识到社会学中的冲突理论无法解释它，而微观方法则可以带给我们崭新的发现。最初的头绪来自二战中马歇尔的资料：他在战斗结束后立刻访问士兵，发现其中只有很少一部分人真正向敌人开了火。之后，随军心理学家格罗斯曼发现，士兵们并不是因为害怕受伤而畏缩不前（因为在某些情境下他们也会奋不顾身，如医护人员和那些未佩戴武器的军官）；他们之所以无力进攻，是因为心中深植着对杀死他人的恐惧。这听起来似乎有些自相矛盾，但在社会学上，我们却能将其与一些更加普适的规律联系起来。
Acknowledgments xiii
1. The Micro-sociology of Violent Confrontations 1
Violent Situations 1
Micro-evidence: Situational Recordings, Reconstructions,
and Observations 3
Comparing Situations across Types of Violence 8
Fight Myths 10
Violent Situations Are Shaped by an Emotional Field
of Tension and Fear 19
Alternative Theoretical Approaches 20
Historical Evolution of Social Techniques for Controlling
Confrontational Tension 25
Sources 29
Preview 32
The Complementarity of Micro and Macro Theories 34
PART ONE: The Dirty Secrets of Violence 37
2. Confrontational Tension and Incompetent Violence 39
Brave, Competent and Evenly Matched? 39
The Central Reality: Confrontational Tension 41
Tension/Fear and Non-performance in Military Combat 43
Low Fighting Competence 57
Friendly Fire and Bystander Hits 59
Joy of Combat: Under What Conditions? 66
The Continuum of Tension/Fear and Combat Performance 68
Confrontational Tension in Policing and Non-Military Fighting 70
Fear of What? 73
3. Forward Panic 83
Confrontational Tension and Release: Hot Rush, Piling On,
Overkill 89
Atrocities of War 94
Caveat: The Multiple Causation of Atrocities 99
Asymmetrical Entrainment of Forward Panic and
Paralyzed Victims 102
Forward Panics and One-Sided Casualties in Decisive Battles 104
Atrocities of Peace 112
Crowd Violence 115
Demonstrators and Crowd-Control Forces 121
The Crowd Multiplier 128
Alternatives to Forward Panic 132
4. Attacking the Weak: I. Domestic Abuse 134
The Emotional Definition of the Situation 134
Background and Foreground Explanations 135
Abusing the Exceptionally Weak: Time-patterns
from Normalcy to Atrocity 137
Three Pathways: Normal Limited Conflict, Severe Forward
Panic, and Terroristic Torture Regime 141
Negotiating Interactional Techniques of Violence
and Victimhood 148
5. Attacking the Weak: II. Bullying, Mugging, and Holdups 156
The Continuum of Total Institutions 165
Muggings and Holdups 174
Battening on Interactional Weakness 186
PART TWO: Cleaned-up and Staged Violence 191
6. Staging Fair Fights 193
Hero versus Hero 194
Audience Supports and Limits on Violence 198
Fighting Schools and Fighting Manners 207
Displaying Risk and Manipulating Danger in Sword
and Pistol Duels 212
The Decline of Elite Dueling and Its Replacement
by the Gunfight 220
Honor without Fairness: Vendettas as Chains
of Unbalanced Fights 223
Ephemeral Situational Honor and Leap-Frog Escalation
to One-Gun Fights 226
Behind the Fac¸ade of Honor and Disrespect 229
The Cultural Prestige of Fair and Unfair Fights 237
7. Violence as Fun and Entertainment 242
Moral Holidays 243
Looting and Destruction as Participation Sustainers 245
The Wild Party as Elite Potlatch 253
Carousing Zones and Boundary Exclusion Violence 256
End-Resisting Violence 259
Frustrated Carousing and Stirring up Effervescence 261
Paradox: Why Does Most Intoxication Not Lead to Violence? 263
The One-Fight-Per-Venue Limitation 270
Fighting as Action and Fun 274
Mock Fights and Mosh Pits 277
8. Sports Violence 282
Sports as Dramatically Contrived Conflicts 283
Game Dynamics and Player Violence 285
Winning by Practical Skills for Producing Emotional
Energy Dominance 296
The Timing of Player Violence: Loser-Frustration Fights
and Turning-Point Fights 302
Spectators’ Game-Dependent Violence 307
Offsite Fans’ Violence: Celebration and Defeat Riots 311
Offsite Violence as Sophisticated Technique: Soccer Hooligans 315
The Dramatic Local Construction of Antagonistic Identities 324
Revolt of the Audience in the Era of Entertainers’ Domination 328
PART THREE: Dynamics and Structure 335
of Violent Situations
9. How Fights Start, or Not 337
Normal Limited Acrimony: Griping, Whining, Arguing,
Quarreling 338
Boasting and Blustering 345
The Code of the Street: Institutionalized Bluster and Threat 348
Pathways into the Tunnel of Violence 360
10. The Violent Few 370
Small Numbers of the Actively and Competently Violent 370
Confrontation Leaders and Action-Seekers: Police 375
Who Wins? 381
Military Snipers: Concealed and Absorbed in Technique 381
Fighter Pilot Aces: Aggressively Imposing Momentum 387
In the Zone versus the Glaze of Combat: Micro-situational
Techniques of Interactional Dominance 399
The 9/11 Cockpit Fight 409
11. Violence as Dominance in Emotional Attention Space 413
What Does the Rest of the Crowd Do? 413
Violence without Audiences: Professional Killers
and Clandestine Violence 430
Confrontation-Minimizing Terrorist Tactics 440
Violent Niches in Confrontational Attention Space 448
Epilogue
Practical Conclusions 463
Notes 467
References 527
Index 555
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
京公网安备 11010802022788号
