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英文文献：Government Transfers and Poverty Transition in Metro and Nonmetro Areas: A Survival Analysis-城市和非城市地区的政府转移与贫困转型:生存分析大多数关于贫困动态的研究都没有明确地评估政府转移在进入和摆脱贫困方面的作用，而正式地考虑了都市区和非都市区之间的差异
英文文献作者：Ulimwengu, John M.
英文文献摘要：
Most of the studies on poverty dynamics fail to assess explicitly the role of government transfers on movements into and out of poverty while formally accounting for difference between metro and nonmetro areas. In this paper the dynamics on and off poverty is estimated using a discrete duration model where the exit from and entry into poverty refer to a temporal sequence in which the passage of time is combined with events marking transitions between different poverty states. Extending the current literature, I assessed the impact of different government transfers under the welfare program, including training programs, on the probability of exit from and entry into poverty in metro and nonmetro areas. Controlling for both individual and geographical characteristics, the results suggest that different government transfer programs yield different results depending on the location where the transfers are made. In addition, this study explicitly derives the impact of welfare reform undertaken in 1996. With respect to the 1996 reform, the study shows that outcomes differ from one program to another; here too, the distribution of 1996 reform varies across geographical locations, especially between urban and rural areas. Summing up these findings, this study provides additional evidence in favor of space-based antipoverty policies. Indeed, since the impacts are not homogeneous across locations, geographical targeting that account for individual characteristics should increase the efficiency of welfare program as instrument for poverty alleviation.
本文利用离散持续时间模型估计了启闭贫困的动态，其中启闭贫困和进入贫困指的是一个时间序列，在这个时间序列中，时间的流逝与标志不同贫困状态之间转变的事件相结合。在扩展现有文献的基础上，我评估了福利项目下不同的政府转移(包括培训项目)对都会区和非都会区脱离和进入贫困的可能性的影响。考虑到个人和地理特征，结果表明，不同的政府转移计划产生不同的结果取决于转移的地点。此外，这项研究明确得出了1996年进行的福利改革的影响。关于1996年的改革，研究表明，不同方案的结果不同;在这方面，1996年改革的分布也因地域而异，特别是在城市和农村地区。总结这些发现，这项研究提供了支持太空扶贫政策的额外证据。事实上，由于不同地区的影响并不相同，考虑到个人特点的地理目标应该提高福利计划作为减贫工具的效率。
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