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英文文献：The Impact of Changing Retail Services on the Grocery Store Producer Price Index-改变零售服务对杂货店生产者价格指数的影响
英文文献作者：Leibtag, Ephraim S.
英文文献摘要：
This article focuses on quality adjustment of the U.S. Producer Price Index (PPI) for retail food stores. Within the retail trade sector, food stores make up 15.4% of the revenue generated in the sector. This article outlines methods of quality adjustment and applies a direct adjustment technique to the PPI for grocery stores. This subset of the PPI is unique in that it is one of the first indices for retail goods to use the retail margin (retail price - wholesale price) as a measure of the price of the products sold in a store. This measure provides an estimate of the prices of the services provided by the retailers. In this study I find that the Producer Price Index for food stores would be biased upward between 0.06 and 1.74 index points if a change in store characteristics was not adjusted for in the index calculation. This bias would be larger if store characteristics were to change over time without any adjustment made for them. Given the ever-expanding services available in grocery stores and the recent increase in nontraditional retailers selling a greater share of consumer food products , this is likely to occur. An up-to-date measure of store and product characteristics will be needed to construct an unbiased (or at least less biased) index. The use of PPI indices in labor contracts and cost estimate adjustments makes accurate measures of producer price inflation crucial. For example, since food service companies use the PPI to adjust their cost estimates, the upward bias in the PPI causes prices to rise artificially in response to a higher than actual inflation estimate. The more information that is available in terms of store and product characteristics, the more accurate an adjustment that can be made. The potential bias that would occur without these adjustments underlies the importance of proper data collection and frequent updates of any changing characteristics in order to construct a more accurate measure of price change in an industry, sector, or market where the price that is observed encompasses more than the physical product that is sold. This adjustment method can and should be applied to retail and service sector indices whenever possible.
本文主要研究美国食品零售商店生产者价格指数(PPI)的质量调整。在零售行业中，食品店占该行业总收入的15.4%。本文概述了质量调整的方法，并将直接调整技术应用于食品店PPI。PPI的这个子集是唯一的，因为它是首批使用零售利润率(零售价格-批发价格)衡量商店中销售产品价格的零售商品指数之一。这一措施提供了对零售商提供的服务价格的估计。在本研究中，我发现，如果在指数计算中不调整商店特征的变化，食品店的生产者价格指数将在0.06 - 1.74的指数点之间偏上。如果存储特征随时间变化而不作任何调整，这种偏差会更大。考虑到杂货店提供的服务不断扩大，以及最近非传统零售商销售的消费食品的更大份额，这很可能会发生。需要对商店和产品特征进行最新的度量，以构建一个无偏差(或至少偏差较小)的指数。由于在劳动合同和成本估算调整中使用PPI指数，因此准确衡量生产者价格通胀至关重要。例如，由于食品服务公司使用PPI来调整其成本估算，PPI的上升偏差会导致价格人为上涨，以应对高于实际通胀估计的情况。关于商店和产品特性的信息越多，调整就越准确。存在潜在的偏见,没有这些调整基础的重要性,适当的数据收集和频繁的更新任何变化特征来构建一个更准确的衡量价格变化的一个行业,行业或市场价格在哪里观察包含超过物理产品出售。这种调整方法可以而且应该尽可能适用于零售和服务业指数。
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