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英文文献：Determinants and Impact of Private Politics: An Empirical Analysis-私人政治的决定因素与影响:实证分析
英文文献作者：Gupta, Sonam,Innes, Robert
英文文献摘要：
This paper studies the links between private politics, environmental performance of firms and regulatory activity by the government. Following the terminology coined by Baron (2001), "private politics" refers to the individual or collective actions initiated by public interest and activist groups to further their objectives without relying on the law or regulation. In this paper, we focus on the determinants and effects of two such private political actions, boycotts and proxy contests. We have unique data on boycotts for the time period 1988-95 and on proxy votes for the time period 1988-2000. We find that the size of a firm is an important predictor of the fact if a firm will be chosen as a target of an activist campaign. We find MIXED support for Baron's (2006) theory that activist campaigns will focus on "soft targets" (progressive firms). Our preliminary findings show that private politics does spur the firms to adopt voluntary environmental systems. Specifically, we find that the boycotts increase the probability of adoption of an environmental management system by 27-33 percent.
本文通过政府研究了私人政治、企业环境绩效和监管活动之间的联系。根据Baron(2001)所创造的术语，“私人政治”是指公共利益和活动家团体在不依赖法律或法规的情况下为实现其目标而发起的个人或集体行动。在本文中，我们着重研究了抵制和代理竞争这两种私人政治行为的决定因素和影响。我们有关于1988-95年期间的抵制和1988-2000年期间的代理投票的独特数据。我们发现企业的规模是一个重要的预测因素，预示着企业是否会被选为激进分子活动的目标。巴伦(2006)的理论认为，激进分子的活动将聚焦于“软目标”(进步企业)，我们发现对这一理论的支持褒贬不一。我们的初步研究结果表明，私人政治确实促使企业采用自愿的环境系统。具体来说，我们发现抵制增加了环境管理系统采用的可能性27- 33%。
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