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英文文献：Macro Level Economic Evaluation of Manure Application Rates Using CEEOT-MMS-利用CEEOT-MMS进行肥料施用量的宏观经济评价
英文文献作者：Osei, Edward
英文文献摘要：
Alternative manure application rates represent an integral part of current nutrient management efforts on animal feeding operations (AFOs). Previous studies have indicated that lower manure application rates tend to increase farm production costs. In this study, the Comprehensive Economic and Environmental Optimization Tool - Macro Modeling System (CEEOT-MMS) was used to evaluate the farm-level economic implications of alternative manure application rates for all AFOs in the 48 contiguous states of the U.S. Representative farms derived through statistical disaggregation of national databases and K-means clustering were simulated within the the Farm-level Economic Model (FEM) to determine the economic impacts of four manure application rates. The highest manure application rate scenario investigated here (two times the N rate, or 2N) resulted in the highest net farm returns to AFOs. Similarly, the lowest manure application rate scenario considered in this study (the Half P rate), is projected to cost AFO operators the most, about $4,300 relative to the standard N rate scenario. Results of the study show that the larger AFOs would be required to haul out a much greater portion of on-farm manure than the smallest AFOs. Furthermore, the largest AFOs incur the highest per farm and per animal unit costs when manure application rates are reduced to rates below the P rate. However, under the Half P scenario all farm size groups would be required to haul out significant portions of manure generated on the farm. The total annual cost of the Half P scenario tops $1 billion dollars for AFOs in the 48 contiguous states.
替代肥料施用量是当前动物饲养操作(AFOs)养分管理工作的一个组成部分。先前的研究表明，较低的肥料施用量会增加农业生产成本。在这项研究中,综合经济和环境优化工具——宏建模系统(CEEOT-MMS)被用来评估替代肥料的农场层次的经济影响应用程序中所有灭蚜磷率美国48个州的代表农场派生通过统计解集内的国家数据库和k - means聚类模拟基层农场经济模式(FEM)来确定四种肥料应用程序的经济影响利率。这里研究的最高肥料施用量情景(两倍氮用量，或2N)导致AFOs的农场净收益最高。同样，本研究中考虑的最低肥料施用量方案(半磷肥施用量)，预计AFO操作人员的成本最高，与标准氮肥施用量方案相比约为4300美元。研究结果表明，较大的AFOs需要比最小的AFOs运送更多的农场肥料。此外，当肥料施用量降低到磷施用量以下时，最大的AFOs产生的每个农场和每个动物单位成本最高。然而，在半P方案下，所有农场规模的团体将被要求运出农场产生的大量粪肥。对于48个相邻州的AFOs来说，半P方案每年的总成本超过了10亿美元。
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