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英文文献：The Adoption of Water Conservation and Intensification Technologies and Farm Income: A Propensity Score Analysis for Rice Farmers in Northern Ghana-水保护和集约化技术的采用和农业收入:对加纳北部稻农的倾向评分分析
英文文献作者：Faltermeier, Liane,Abdulai, Awudu
英文文献摘要：
This study uses cross-sectional data of 342 small-scale lowland rice farmers in Northern Region of Ghana to analyze the impact of the adoption decision of bund construction and seed dibbling on net returns, input demand and output supply. Matching was conducted based on Mahalanobis distance combined with propensity score. Balancing tests by checking the mean standardized absolute bias in the matched sample were conducted as well as sensitivity analysis to check for hidden bias due to unobservable selection. The empirical results of impact assessment using propensity score matching controlling for self-selection bias suggest that input demand is significantly higher for adopters of bunds, but not statistically different for adopters and non-adopters of dibbling seed. However, output supply and net returns were not found to be statistically different for adopters and non-adopters of bunds. Adopters of dibbling were found to have higher output supply while no statistically significant difference was found for net returns of adopters and non-adopters of dibbling. The results were found to be relative insensitive to hidden bias.
本研究利用加纳北部342名小规模低地稻农的横断面数据，分析了采用外滩建设和种地的决策对净收益、投入需求和产出供给的影响。基于马氏距离结合倾向性评分进行匹配。通过检查匹配样本中标准化的平均绝对偏差的平衡检验以及敏感性分析来检查由于不可观察的选择而产生的隐性偏差。采用倾向性得分匹配控制自选择偏差的实证结果表明，采穗者的输入需求显著高于采穗者，但采穗者和不采穗者的输入需求无统计学差异。然而，采用和不采用德国国债的产出供应和净回报在统计上没有差异。采地者的产出供给较高，而采地者与不采地者的净收益差异无统计学意义。结果被发现是相对不敏感的隐性偏差。
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