Do baseline requirements hinder trades in water quality trading programs?-基...

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英文文献：Do baseline requirements hinder trades in water quality trading programs?-基线要求是否阻碍了水质交易项目中的交易?环境保护署和美国农业部正在推广点/非点交易，作为降低达到水质目标成本的一种方式，同时给予非点源在达到这些目标方面更大的作用
英文文献作者：Ribaudo, Marc,Ghosh, Gaurav S.,Shortle, James S.
英文文献摘要：
The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are promoting point/nonpoint trading as a way of reducing the costs of meeting water quality goals while giving nonpoint sources a larger role in meeting those goals. Farms can create offsets or credits in a point/nonpoint trading program by implementing management practices such as conservation tillage, nutrient management, and buffer strips. To be eligible to sell credits, farmers must first comply with baseline requirements. The EPA defines a baseline as the pollutant control requirements that apply to a seller in the absence of trading. EPA guidance recommends that the baseline for nonpoint sources be management practices that are consistent with the water quality goal. A farmer would not be able to create credits until the minimum practice standards are met. An alternative baseline is those practices being implemented at the time the trading program starts. The selection of the baseline has major implications for which farmers benefit from trading, the cost of nonpoint source credits, and ultimately the number of credits that nonpoint sources can sell to regulated point sources. We use a simple model of the average profit-maximizing dairy farmer operating in the Conestoga (PA) watershed to evaluate the implications of baseline requirements on the cost and quantity of credits that can be produced for sale in a water quality trading market, and which farmers benefit most from trading.

通过实施保护性耕作、养分管理和缓冲带等管理措施，农场可以在点/非点交易项目中创建补偿或信用。要想有资格销售信用，农民首先必须符合基本要求。环保署将基准定义为在没有交易的情况下适用于卖方的污染物控制要求。环境保护署的指导建议，非点源的基线应是与水质目标一致的管理实践。在达到最低实践标准之前，农民不能创造信用。另一种基准是在交易程序开始时实施的那些实践。基准的选择对农民从贸易中获益、非点源信贷的成本，以及最终非点源能向受监管点源出售的信贷数量有重大影响。我们使用一个简单的模型的平均利润最大化奶农在康内斯托加(PA)流域评价基准的影响要求的成本和数量额度,可以产生在水质交易市场,销售,农民从交易中获益。

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