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Not quite sure, but my understanding is that
1. it’s still AR(1) model, and as it says, the pattern seems to repeat every year, which is 4 quarters, so we have this lag factor (t-4), maybe it is more appropriate to note it as AR(1)4
2. For AR(2) model, without the seasonality, y(t) will depend on both y(t-1) and y(t-2), which is not really the case here. For every year, the value only depends on the previous quarter, only that there is a pattern in it. If it is monthly data, we would have used (t-1) and (t-12) , but still it’s AR(1)12
3. not sure about the observation….
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