新军备竞赛：美国敦促盟友阻止华为参与5G建设

是 否 +2 论坛币

k人 参与回答

经管之家送您一份

应届毕业生专属福利!

求职就业群

赵安豆老师微信：zhaoandou666

经管之家联合CDA

送您一个全额奖学金名额~ !

立即领取

感谢您参与论坛问题回答

经管之家送您两个论坛币！

+2 论坛币

美国和中国都认为，谁主宰了5G，谁就将在本世纪大部分时间里获得经济、情报和军事上的优势。

BY DAVID E. SANGER, JULIAN E. BARNES, RAYMOND ZHONG, MARC SANTORA

America Pushes Allies to Fight Huawei in New Arms Race With China

华为在波兰华沙的办公室。

Jeremy Hunt, the British foreign minister, arrived in Washington last week for a whirlwind of meetings dominated by a critical question: Should Britain risk its relationship with Beijing and agree to the Trump administration’s request to ban Huawei, China’s leading telecommunications producer, from building its next-generation computer and phone networks?

英国外交大臣杰里米·亨特(Jeremy Hunt)上周抵达华盛顿，马不停蹄地参加了一系列会议，主导会议的一个关键问题是：英国是否应该冒着与北京搞坏关系的风险，同意特朗普政府的要求，禁止中国主要的电信制造商华为参加英国下一代计算机和移动电话网络的建设？

Britain is not the only American ally feeling the heat. In Poland, officials are also under pressure from the United States to bar Huawei from building its fifth generation, or 5G, network. Trump officials suggested that future deployments of American troops — including the prospect of a permanent base labeled “Fort Trump” — could hinge on Poland’s decision.

英国不是唯一感受这种到压力的美国盟友。波兰的官员们也面临着来自美国的压力，要求他们禁止华为建设波兰的第五代(5G)网络。特朗普政府官员暗示，美国军队未来的部署将会取决于波兰的决定，包括在波兰建立一个名为“特朗普堡”(Fort Trump)的永久性基地的可能性。

And a delegation of American officials showed up last spring in Germany, where most of Europe’s giant fiber-optic lines connect and Huawei wants to build the switches that make the system hum. Their message: Any economic benefit of using cheaper Chinese telecom equipment is outweighed by the security threat to the NATO alliance.

一个由美国官员组成的代表团去年春天来到德国，那里是欧洲大部分大型光纤线路的连接地点，也是华为想要连接这些系统制造交换机的地方。美国官员带来的信息是：让北约面临安全威胁的代价，远高于使用中国廉价电信设备所带来的任何经济利益。

Over the past year, the United States has embarked on a stealthy, occasionally threatening, global campaign to prevent Huawei and other Chinese firms from participating in the most dramatic remaking of the plumbing that controls the internet since it sputtered into being, in pieces, 35 years ago.

美国已在过去的一年里开始了一场秘密的、偶尔带有威胁性的全球行动，以阻止华为以及其他中国企业参与到这个互联网改造工程中来，这次改造是自互联网在35年前一步步建成以来最引人注目的升级。

The administration contends that the world is engaged in a new arms race — one that involves technology, rather than conventional weaponry, but poses just as much danger to America’s national security. In an age when the most powerful weapons, short of nuclear arms, are cyber-controlled, whichever country dominates 5G will gain an economic, intelligence and military edge for much of this century.

特朗普政府认为，世界正在进行一场新的军备竞赛，虽然这是一场涉及技术，而非常规武器的竞赛，但对美国的国家安全构成同样大的威胁。在一个由计算机网络控制着最强有力武器（除核武器以外）的时代，任何主导5G技术的国家，都将在本世纪的大部分时间拥有经济、情报和军事上的优势。

The transition to 5G — already beginning in prototype systems in cities from Dallas to Atlanta — is likely to be more revolutionary than evolutionary. What consumers will notice first is that the network is faster — data should download almost instantly, even over cellphone networks.

向5G的过渡很可能更具革命性，而非渐进性，这种过渡已经以雏形系统的形式在达拉斯和亚特兰大等城市开始。消费者首先会注意到的是，网络速度更快了，数据下载的速度将几乎是即时的，即使是在手机网络上。

It is the first network built to serve the sensors, robots, autonomous vehicles and other devices that will continuously feed each other vast amounts of data, allowing factories, construction sites and even whole cities to be run with less moment-to-moment human intervention. It will also enable greater use of virtual reality and artificial intelligence tools.

这是第一个为传感器、机器人、自动驾驶汽车和其他设备提供服务的网络，这些设备将不间断地相互提供海量数据，让工厂、建筑工地乃至整个城市更少在时时刻刻的人工干预下运行。这个网络还将让虚拟现实和人工智能工具得到更广泛的应用。

But what is good for consumers is also good for intelligence services and cyberattackers. The 5G system is a physical network of switches and routers. But it is more reliant on layers of complex software that are far more adaptable, and constantly updating, in ways invisible to users — much as an iPhone automatically updates while charging overnight. That means whoever controls the networks controls the information flow — and may be able to change, reroute or copy data without users’ knowledge.

但是，对消费者有用的东西，对情报机构和网络攻击者也有用。5G系统是交换机和路由器的物理网络。但5G网络也更多地依靠一层层的复杂软件，这些软件有更强的适应性，而且会在用户不知不觉中不断更新——就像iPhone在夜间充电时自动更新那样。这意味着谁控制了网络，谁就控制了信息流动——并且可能在用户不知情的情况下更改数据、改变数据传输的路由，或复制数据。

In interviews with current and former senior American government officials, intelligence officers and top telecommunications executives, it is clear that the potential of 5G has created a zero-sum calculus in the Trump White House — a conviction that there must be a single winner in this arms race, and the loser must be banished. For months, the White House has been drafting an executive order, expected in the coming weeks, that would effectively ban United States companies from using Chinese-origin equipment in critical telecommunications networks. That goes far beyond the existing rules, which ban such equipment only from government networks.

在对现任和前任美国高级政府官员、情报人员和电信高管的采访中，一件事情变得很清楚，那就是，5G的潜力在特朗普的白宫里创造了一种零和计算，美国政府坚信，这场军备竞赛只有一个赢家，成王败寇。白宫几个月来一直在起草一项行政命令，预计在未来几周内公布，该命令将实际上禁止美国公司在关键的电信网络中使用中国制造的设备。这个禁令远远超过只禁止此类设备进入政府网络的现有规定。

Nervousness about Chinese technology has long existed in the United States, fueled by the fear that the Chinese could insert a “back door” into telecom and computing networks that would allow Chinese security services to intercept military, government and corporate communications. And Chinese cyberintrusions of American companies and government entities have occurred repeatedly, including by hackers suspected of working on behalf of China’s Ministry of State Security.

美国对中国技术的担忧已存在了很久的时间，这种不安主要来自一种担心，即中国可能会在电信和计算网络中插入“后门”，让中国安全机构能够拦截军事、政府和企业通信。而且，中国对美国公司和政府实体的网络入侵已经发生过多次，包括疑为中国国家安全部工作的黑客的入侵。

But the concern has taken on more urgency as countries around the world begin deciding which equipment providers will build their 5G networks.

但随着世界各国开始决定将使用哪些设备供应商来建设本国的5G网络，这种担忧变得更加紧迫。

扫码加我 拉你入群

请注明：姓名-公司-职位

以便审核进群资格，未注明则拒绝

分享0 收藏1 回帖

Huawei said Mr. Wang had brought “disrepute” on the company and his actions had nothing to do with its operations.

华为表示，王伟晶给公司带来了“不良影响”，他的举动与公司业务无关。



Mr. Wang’s lawyer, Bartlomiej Jankowski, says his client has been caught up in a geopolitical tug of war between the United States and China.

王伟晶的律师巴特罗梅耶·扬科夫斯基(Bartlomiej Jankowski)称，他的客户卷入了美中之间的地缘政治拉锯战。



American and British officials had already grown concerned about Huawei’s abilities after cybersecurity experts, combing through the company’s source code to look for back doors, determined that Huawei could remotely access and control some networks from the company’s Shenzhen headquarters.

网络安全专家对华为的源代码进行了审查，寻找“后门”，他们确定华为可以从深圳总部远程访问并控制一些网络，此后，美国和英国官员对华为的担忧日益加剧。



On careful examination, the code that Huawei had installed in its network-control software did not appear to be malicious. Nor was it hidden. It appeared to be part of a system to update remote networks and diagnose trouble. But in some circumstances, it could also route traffic around corporate data centers — where firms monitor and control their networks — and its mere existence is now cited as evidence that hackers or Chinese intelligence could use Huawei equipment to penetrate millions of networks.

经过仔细检查，华为安装在其网络控制软件上的代码似乎并非恶意。也不是隐藏状态。它似乎是远程网络更新和问题诊断系统的一部分。但在某些情况下，它也可以将流量导向企业数据中心，即企业监控并控制其网络的地方。它的存在本身现已被用作黑客或中国情报人员可使用华为设备渗入数百万个网络的证据。



American officials and academics say Chinese telecommunications companies have also temporarily hijacked parts of the internet, rerouting basic traffic from the United States and Canada to China.

美国官员和学者表示，中国的电信企业还暂时劫持了部分互联网，将美国和加拿大的基础流量导向中国。



One academic paper, co-written by Chris C. Demchak, a Naval War College professor, outlined how traffic from Canada meant for South Korea was redirected to China for six months. That 2016 attack has been repeated, according to American officials, and provides opportunity for espionage.

美国海军军事学院(Naval War College)教授克里斯·丹查克(Chris C. Demchak)与人合著了一篇学术论文，概述了加拿大原本想输送给韩国的流量如何在六个月内被重新定向到中国。据美国官员表示，2016年的那次攻击多次重演，为间谍活动提供了可乘之机。



Last year, AT&T and Verizon stopped selling Huawei phones in their stores after Huawei begin equipping the devices with its own sets of computer chips — rather than relying on American or European manufacturers. The National Security Agency quietly raised alarms that with Huawei supplying its own parts, the Chinese company would control every major element of its networks. The N.S.A. feared it would no longer be able to rely on American and European providers to warn of any evidence of malware, spying or other covert action.

去年，AT&T和威瑞森(Verizon)停止在自己的商店销售华为手机，因为华为开始在手机上安装自己的电脑芯片组，而不是依赖美国或欧洲的制造商。美国国家安全局悄悄警告：由于华为自己提供零部件，这家中国公司可以控制其网络的每一个主要部分。国家安全局担心，它将无法再依靠美国和欧洲的供应商，就恶意软件、间谍活动或其他秘密行动的证据得到预警。





华沙一家华为专卖店。本月，波兰政府高调逮捕了两名间谍，其中包括一名华为员工。 MACIEK NABRDALIK FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES



The Rise of Huawei
华为的崛起


In three decades, Huawei has transformed itself from a small reseller of low-end phone equipment into a global giant with a dominant position in one of the crucial technologies of the new century.

三十年来，华为从一家低端手机设备的小经销商转型为在新世纪关键技术领域之一占据主导地位的全球巨头。



Last year, Huawei edged out Apple as the second-biggest provider of cellphones around the world. Richard Yu, who heads the company’s consumer business, said in Beijing several days ago that “even without the U.S. market we will be No. 1 in the world,” by the end of this year or sometime in 2020.

去年，华为取代苹果，成为全球第二大手机供应商。该公司消费者业务负责人余承东几天前在北京表示，到今年年底或2020年某个时候，“即使没有美国市场，我们可能也能够成为全球最大的智能手机制造商。”



The company was founded in 1987 by Mr. Ren, a former People’s Liberation Army engineer who has become one of China’s most successful entrepreneurs.

该公司由任正非于1987年创立。任正非曾是中国人民解放军的一名工程师，现已成为中国最成功的企业家之一。



American officials say the company started through imitation, and even theft, of American technology. Cisco Systems sued Huawei in 2003, saying it had illegally copied the American company’s source code. The two companies settled out of court.

美国官员表示，该公司是通过模仿甚至窃取美国技术起家的。思科系统(Cisco Systems)在2003年起诉华为，称其非法复制了这家美国公司的源代码。两家公司达成庭外和解。



But Huawei did not just imitate. It opened research centers (including one in California) and built alliances with leading universities around the world. Last year, it generated $100 billion in revenue, twice as much as Cisco and significantly more than IBM. Its ability to deliver well-made equipment at a lower cost than Western firms drove once-dominant players like Motorola and Lucent out of the telecom-equipment industry.

但华为不只是模仿。它开设了自己的研究中心（其中一个在加州），并与世界各地的顶尖大学建立了联盟。去年，它创造了1000亿美元的收入，是思科的两倍，远远超过IBM。它能够以比西方公司更低的成本提供优质设备，这使得摩托罗拉(Motorola)和朗讯(Lucent)等曾经占主导地位的企业退出了电信设备行业。



While American officials refuse to discuss it, the government snooping was a two-way street. As early as 2010, the N.S.A. secretly broke into Huawei’s headquarters, in an operation, code-named “Shotgiant,” a discovery revealed by Edward J. Snowden, the former N.S.A. contractor now living in exile in Moscow.

虽然美国官员拒绝讨论这个问题，但政府的窥探是双向的。早在2010年，国家安全局就曾在一个代号为“射杀巨人”(Shotgiant)的行动中秘密侵入华为总部。目前流亡莫斯科的国家安全局前承包商雇员爱德华·J. 斯诺登(Edward J. Snowden)透露了这一发现。



Documents show that the N.S.A. was looking to prove suspicions that Huawei was secretly controlled by the People’s Liberation Army — and that Mr. Ren never really left the powerful army unit. It never found the evidence, according to former officials. But the Snowden documents also show that the N.S.A. had another goal: to better understand Huawei’s technology and look for potential back doors. This way, when the company sold equipment to American adversaries, the N.S.A. would be able to target those nations’ computer and telephone networks to conduct surveillance and, if necessary, offensive cyberoperations.

文件显示，国家安全局希望证实华为被中国人民解放军秘密控制，以及任正非从未真正离开这个强大军队的猜测。据一些前官员说，它从未找到证据。但斯诺登的文件也表明，国家安全局还有另一个目标：更好地了解华为的技术，寻找潜在的后门。这样，当该公司向美国的对手出售设备时，国家安全局就能够针对这些国家的电脑和电话网络进行监控，如果有必要，还可以开展攻击性的网络行动。



In other words, the Americans were trying to do to Huawei the exact thing they are now worried Huawei will do to the United States.

换句话说，美国人当时想对华为采取的行动，正是他们现在担心华为会对美国采取的行动。



A Global Campaign
一项全球行动




特朗普总统去年会见波兰总统安杰伊·杜达。杜达建议美国在波兰建一个基地和训练营，并半开玩笑地称之为“特朗普堡”。 DOUG MILLS/THE NEW YORK TIMES



After an uproar in 2013 about Huawei’s growing dominance in Britain, the country’s powerful Intelligence and Security Committee, a parliamentary body, argued for banning Huawei, partly because of Chinese cyberattacks aimed at the British government. It was overruled, but Britain created a system to require that Huawei make its hardware and source code available to GCHQ, the country’s famous code-breaking agency.

2013年，由于华为在英国的主导地位日益增强，英国强大的议会机构情报与安全委员会(Intelligence and Security Committee)提出了禁止华为的主张，部分原因是中国针对英国政府的网络攻击。这一提议被否决，但英国创建了一个系统，要求华为将其硬件和源代码提供给英国著名的密码破译机构GCHQ。



In July, Britain’s National Cyber Security Center for the first time said publicly that questions about Huawei’s current practices and the complexity and dynamism of the new 5G networks meant it would be difficult to find vulnerabilities.

今年7月，英国国家网络安全中心(National Cyber Security Center)首次公开表示，鉴于对华为目前做法的质疑，以及新的5G网络的复杂性和动态，意味着漏洞是很难找到的。



At roughly the same time, the N.S.A., at a series of classified meetings with telecommunications executives, hadto decide whether to let Huawei bid for parts of the American 5G networks. AT&T and Verizon argued there was value in letting Huawei set up a “test bed” in the United States since it would have to reveal the source code for its networking software. Allowing Huawei to bid would also drive the price of building the networks down, they argued.

差不多在同一时间，在与电信高管举行的一系列机密会议上，美国国家安全局必须决定是否让华为竞标美国5G网络的部分业务。AT&T和威瑞森认为，让华为在美国建立一个“试验台”是有价值的，因为这样它就必须披露其网络软件的源代码。他们认为，允许华为竞标还会降低网络建设的价格。



The director of the N.S.A. at the time, Adm. Michael S. Rogers, never approved the move and Huawei was blocked.

当时的国家安全局局长迈克尔·S·罗杰斯上将(Michael S. Rogers)从未批准这一举动，华为被挡在美国之外。



In July 2018, with these decisions swirling, Britain, the United States and other members of the “Five Eyes” intelligence-sharing alliance met for their annual meeting in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where Chinese telecommunications companies, Huawei and 5G networks were at the top of the agenda. They decided on joint action to try to block the company from building new networks in the West.

2018年7月，英国、美国和“五眼”(Five Eyes)情报共享联盟的其他成员国在加拿大新斯科舍省的哈利法克斯举行了年度会议，主要议题是中国的电信企业、华为和5G网络。他们决定采取联合行动，阻止该公司在西方建立新的网络。



American officials are trying to make clear with allies around the world that the war with China is not just about trade but a battle to protect the national security of the world’s leading democracies and key NATO members.

美国官员正试图向世界各地的盟友表明，与中国的战争不仅关乎贸易，也是保护世界主要民主国家和北约(NATO)关键成员国国家安全的战争。



On Tuesday, the heads of American intelligence agencies will appear before the Senate to deliver their annual threat assessment, and they are expected to cite 5G investments by Chinese telecom companies, including Huawei, as a threat.

周二，美国情报机构负责人将在参议院发表年度威胁评估报告，预计他们将把包括华为在内的中国电信企业对5G的投资列为威胁。

政治这东西是人性丑陋面的无限放大

问题的另一面，中国通讯开放了吗，没有，不能只占领别国市场，而本国通讯市场对外资关闭

中国国内通讯设备的七国八制在华为，中兴崛起后得到了改善

杨明凡 发表于 2019-1-31 12:00
美国和中国都认为，谁主宰了5G，谁就将在本世纪大部分时间里获得经济、情报和军事上的优势。BY DAVID E. SA ...

支持

搞坏关系的风险，同意特朗普政府的要求

搞坏关系的风险，同意特美帝的要求