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祝楼主和读友们大年初一开心！
昨日阅读 2.5 h，累计 605 h
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《思想的力量：哲学导论》
353. 道德判断必须以理性为基础，这一观点源自智者学派（Sophists）----古希腊时期，也源自苏格拉底（Socrates）
那些指称美好品德的词语：正义、虔诚、勇气等，Socrates用心考察了它们的意义。它们一定拥有某种共同点，可以通过理性的追问被揭示出来。
他相信卑劣的行为要么出自彻底的疯狂，要么就出于无知。Plato也持此观点，且至今仍有人相信它。
354. Plato说，在所有理念的顶峰，就是善的理念，即通常所说的至善，这个理念具有最高的价值。因为：
1）理念决定了真正的现实，并因为
2）至善的理念是所有理念中最高的，所以
3）个别事物之所以是真的，仅仅是因为它们分有了这个终极理念，或者说，是这一终极理念的具体化。
355. Plato说，人类的灵魂（2000年后，弗洛伊德Freud提出的自我、本我、超我理论与之类似）由三个部分组成：赤裸裸的欲望，冲动（如怒火、野心）、理智。当这些部分服从理性支配，每个部分都能够获取一种特长或美德。当欲望服从理性支配时，就表现出节制这种美德；当冲动服从理性支配时，表现出勇敢；当理智自身服从理性支配时，就表现出智慧。另外还有正义（当灵魂的每个部分都服从理性支配、都履行它们应负的职责时，正义这种美德就被获得了）
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Blockchain：
18.
Byzantine generals problem
This is one of the classic problems faced by various computer networks, which until recently had no concrete solution. This problem is called Byzantine Generals' Problem (BGP). The problem at its root is about consensus, due to mistrust in the nodes of a network.
Let's imagine that various generals are leading the Byzantine army and are planning to attack a city, with each general having his own battalion. They have to attack at the same time to win. The problem is that one or more of generals can be disloyal and communicate a duping message. Hence, there has to be a way of finding an efficient solution that helps to have seamless communication, even with deceptive generals.
This problem was solved by Castro and Liskov, who presented the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm. Later, in 2009, the first practical implementation was made with the invention of Bitcoin by the development of PoW as a system to achieve consensus.
We will be discussing in detail the BGP in later chapters.
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昨日阅读 2.5 h
累计 605 h
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