20190218【充实计划】第985期

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充实每一天 发表于 2019-2-18 05:45
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《思想的力量：哲学导论》

390. 康德（伊曼努尔-康德， Immanuel Kant， 1724-1804）完全反对休谟的观点（理性无法决定怎样的行为在道德上是正确的）
他认为理性能够决定，且只有理性可以决定：1）科学研究无法告诉我们永远有效、毫无例外的原则，因为科学研究是建立在经验之上的，无法确定其永远是真。2）道德原则的正确性是没有例外的。3）科学研究无法揭示道德原则。
391. 最高的道德原则
康德称之为最高定言命令（Categorical imperative）：永远如此这般地行动，以便你能够合乎理性地让你据以行动的那条准则变成普遍法则。
道德命令（moral imperative）是无条件的，是绝对的。

392. 功利主义者
对休谟的观点，即道德原则并非取决于理性，康德或许提供了一个颇为有力的反驳。
但19世纪的两位最显赫的伦理哲学家似乎对康德的理性主义伦理学视而不见。他们是英国的杰尼米-边沁（Jeremy Bentham， 1748-1832）和约翰-斯图亚特-穆勒（John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873）。他们忽视康德，但没有忽视休谟，他们发展了休谟的观点，认为有德的行为促进了人类的福利，即“普遍的幸福”。

他们都相信行为的正确性等同于它所产生的幸福结果。他们认为，道德上最好的行动就是给所有人提供最大量的幸福。这里有个两难困境：我们的目标究竟应该是增加平均的幸福，还是增加幸福的总量（即使这样会减少个人的幸福）

对功利主义者来说，善取决于行为的后果。

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Blockchain：
30.

What are digital keys?

All common approaches to digital signatures use what is called Public Key Cryptography. In Public Key Cryptography, there are two keys: one public and one private. To create a signature, the first hash is produced of the original data, and then the private key is used to encrypt that hash. That encrypted hash, along with other information, such as the encryption method used to become part of the signature, are attached to the original data.
This is where the public key comes into play. The mathematical link between the public key and the private key allows the public key to decrypt the hash, and then the hash can be used to check the data. Thus, two things can now be checked: who signed the data and that the data that was signed has not been altered. The following is a diagrammatic representation of the same:( figure 2 )

This form of cryptography is critical to blockchain technology. Through hashing and digital signatures, a blockchain is able to record information both on actions (movement of tokens) as well as prove who initiated those actions (via digital signatures).

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clutter
*['klʌtә]
n. 杂乱
vt. 弄乱, 使凌乱
【电】 混杂
相关词组:
  in a clutter
<1> verb
intransitive senses , chiefly dialect : to run in disorder
transitive senses : to fill or cover with scattered or disordered things that impede movement or reduce effectiveness often used with up

<2> noun
1 a : a crowded or confused mass or collection b : things that clutter a place
2 : interfering radar echoes caused by reflection from objects (as on the ground) other than the target
3 chiefly dialect : DISTURBANCE, HUBBUB

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