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英文文献：Migration and Land Rental as Risk Response in Rural China-移民与土地租赁在中国农村的风险应对
英文文献作者：Ward, Patrick S.,Shively, Gerald E.
英文文献摘要：
Households in developing countries take various actions to smooth income or consumption as a means of managing or responding to risk. One of the principal means of smoothing income is through the diversification of income sources, including non-farm employment and rural-urban migration. An important consumption smoothing strategy involves the accumulation and depletion of assets. We examine migration and land rental market participation as responses to risk in rural China. Using a longitudinal data set comprised of households in nine provinces in China from 1991 through 2006, we are able to test for the effect of various manifestations of underlying idiosyncratic and covariate income risk on household responses. We find that covariate risks increase land rental market participation, but decrease participation in migration. Idiosyncratic income risks do not affect household rental market participation, perhaps suggesting that intra-village risk sharing is sufficient for households to smooth consumption after experiencing idiosyncratic shocks. Because the death of a household reduces a household's redundant labor, these idiosyncratic labor shocks significantly lower the likelihood that a household will participate in migration.
发展中国家的家庭采取各种行动平滑收入或消费，作为管理或应对风险的手段。使收入平滑的主要手段之一是通过收入来源的多样化，包括非农业就业和城乡移徙。一个重要的消费平滑策略涉及到资产的积累和消耗。我们研究了移民和土地租赁市场参与作为对中国农村风险的回应。使用由中国9个省份的家庭组成的1991年至2006年的纵向数据集，我们能够检验潜在特质性和协变量收入风险的各种表现对家庭反应的影响。我们发现协变量风险增加了土地租赁市场的参与，但减少了移民的参与。特质收入风险不会影响家庭租赁市场的参与，这或许表明，村内风险分担足以让家庭在经历特质冲击后平滑消费。因为家庭的死亡减少了家庭的冗余劳动，这些特殊劳动冲击显著降低了家庭参与迁移的可能性。
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