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雷达卡
The Smart Grid--An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits (January 2010)
Contents
Summary .............................................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................ ix
Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xi
1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1.1
2.0 Smart Grid – What it Is, What it Does, and Who it Benefits ....................................................... 2.1
2.1 Primary Assets ..................................................................................................................... 2.3
2.2 Enabling Assets .................................................................................................................... 2.5
2.3 Functions: Operational Objectives ...................................................................................... 2.5
2.4 The Business Case for a Smart Grid .................................................................................... 2.7
3.0 Mechanism Methodology and Summaries ................................................................................... 3.1
3.1 The Smart Grid and Energy Efficiency ................................................................................ 3.5
3.1.1 Conservation Effect of Consumer Information and Feedback Systems .................... 3.7
3.1.2 Joint Marketing of Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Programs ................. 3.10
3.1.3 Key Enabling Technology: Disaggregation of Total Loads into End Uses ............. 3.11
3.1.4 Deployment of Diagnostics in Residential and Small/Medium Commercial Buildings ................................................................................................................... 3.17
3.1.5 Measurement & Verification for Energy Efficiency Programs ................................. 3.19
3.1.6 Shifting Load to More Efficient Generation ............................................................. 3.22
3.1.7 Support Additional Electric Vehicles and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles ........... 3.24
3.1.8 Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Control ............................ 3.27
3.2 The Smart Grid and Renewables .......................................................................................... 3.29
3.2.1 Support Penetration of Renewable Solar Generation ................................................ 3.32
3.2.2 Support Penetration of Renewable Wind Generation ............................................... 3.34
4.0 Comparison with Related Studies ................................................................................................. 4.1
4.1 Review of Related Studies ................................................................................................... 4.1
4.1.1 Electric Power Research Institute Green Grid Study ................................................ 4.1
4.1.2 Climate Group/Information and Control Technologies Report ................................. 4.2
4.1.3 Hledik Article: How Green is the Smart Grid? ......................................................... 4.4
4.2 Comparison .......................................................................................................................... 4.5
5.0 Recommendations and Issues ....................................................................................................... 5.1
5.1 Mechanism Recommendations ............................................................................................ 5.1
5.1.1 Conservation Effect of Consumer Information and Feedback Systems .................... 5.1
5.1.2 Deployment of Diagnostics in Residential and Small/Medium Commercial Buildings ................................................................................................................... 5.1
5.1.3 Joint Marketing of Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Programs ................. 5.2
5.1.4 Measurement & Verification for Energy Efficiency Programs ................................. 5.2
5.1.5 Shifting Load to More Efficient Generation ............................................................. 5.2
5.1.6 Support Additional Electric Vehicles and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles ...........
5.2
5.1.7 Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Controls .......................... 5.3
5.1.8 Support Penetration of Solar Generation (Renewable Portfolio Standard > 20%) ... 5.3
5.1.9 Support Penetration of Renewable Wind Generation (Renewable Portfolio Standard >20%) ......................................................................................................... 5.3
5.2 Additional Issues .................................................................................................................. 5.3
6.0 References ................................................................................................................................... 6.1
Attachment 1 Mechanism Review and Analysis ................................................................................. A.1
Mechanism A: Conservation Effect of Consumer Information and Feedback Systems .............. A.1
Mechanism B: Joint Marketing of Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Programs ........... B.1
Mechanism C: Deployment of Diagnostics in Residential and Small/Medium Commercial Buildings ............................................................................................................. C.1
Mechanism D: Measurement & Verification for Energy Efficiency Programs ........................... D.1
Mechanism E: Shifting Load to More Efficient Generation ......................................................... E.1
Mechanism F: Support Additional Electric Vehicles and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles ..... F.1
Mechanism G: Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Control ...................... G.1
Mechanism H: Support Penetration of Solar Generation (RPS > 25%) ....................................... H.1
Mechanism I: Wind Energy Integration ....................................................................................... I.1
Attachment 2 Electricity and CO2 Reduction Calculations ................................................................. 2.1
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