续8:
a. English Law Governs Contract Claims Arising from
the U.K. Cash Deeds...............................................................1339
b. English Contract Law Treats Deeds Differently from
Other Contracts .......................................................................1340
(ii) The Evidence Does Not Support the Existence of a
Colorable Claim That the U.K. Cash Deeds Are Invalid
for Want of Consideration..........................................................1341
(iii) The Evidence Does Not Support the Existence of a
Colorable Claim for Economic Duress Because the
CREST Agreement Allowed HSBC To Cease Clearing
and Settlement at Its Absolute Discretion................................1343
a. Elements of Economic Duress...............................................1343
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1344
c. Other Transactions Do Not Give Rise to Economic
Duress Claims..........................................................................1346
(iv) The Evidence Does Not Support the Existence of a
Colorable Claim that HSBC Violated a Duty of Good
Faith and Fair Dealing by Demanding Cash Collateral .........1348
a. English Law Does Not Recognize a Principle of Good
Faith and Fair Dealing of General Application ..................1349
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1349
(v) The Evidence Does Not Support the Existence of a
Colorable Claim that HSBC Violated the Notice
Provision of the CREST Agreement..........................................1352
a. Construction of Terms............................................................1352
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1353
(vi) The Cash Deeds Were Not Contracts of Adhesion or
Standard Form Contracts............................................................1355
a. Characteristics of Standard Form Contracts or
Contracts of Adhesion............................................................1355
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1355
(c) Other Potential Theories of Liability................................................1357
(i) English Law Governs the Remaining Potential Claims
Even Though They Are Not Covered by the Choice‐of‐
Law Provision of the Cash Deeds..............................................1357
a. Analytical Framework............................................................1357
b. Application to Remaining Potential Claims........................1359
(ii) The Evidence Does Not Support The Existence Of a
Colorable Claim For Unjust Enrichment Because
Lehman Conveyed a Benefit on HSBC Pursuant to
Lehman’s Valid Contractual Obligations.................................1360
a. Elements of Unjust Enrichment ............................................1361
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1362
(iii) The Evidence Does Not Support a Colorable Claim That
HSBC Breached a Fiduciary Duty to Lehman Because
HSBC and Lehman Were Sophisticated Parties in a
Relationship Governed by an Agreement That Limited
HSBC’s Obligations .....................................................................1363
a. Elements of Breach of Fiduciary Duty and
Misappropriation ....................................................................1364
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1365
(iv) The Evidence Does Not Support a Colorable Claim that
HSBC’s Demand for Collateral Tortiously Interfered
With Lehman’s Other Business or Contracts Because
HSBC Was Acting To Protect Its Own Economic
Interests .........................................................................................1367
a. Elements of Tortious Interference ........................................1368
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1369
(v) The Evidence Does Not Support a Finding that HSBC
Fraudulently or Negligently Misrepresented Its Plan to
Withdraw ......................................................................................1371
a. Elements of Fraud and Misrepresentation ..........................1371
b. Application to Lehman Facts ................................................1373
e) Lehman’s Dealings With Bank of America .................................................1375
f) Lehman’s Dealings with Bank of New York Mellon .................................1376
(1) BNYM Demands and Receives a Collateral Deposit ...........................1377
(2) The Deposit Is Significant Because of Internal Lehman Concerns
About Including It in Its Pool..................................................................1379
g) Lehman’s Dealings With Standard Bank.....................................................1382
h) Lehman’s Dealings With the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ..........1385
(1) The FRBNY Supervises Deposit‐Taking Institutions and Assists
in Managing Monetary Policy, but Lacks Authority To Regulate
Investment Bank Holding Companies...................................................1385
(2) In Response to the Bear Stearns Near Collapse, the FRBNY
Created a Variety of Facilities To Backstop the Liquidity of
Broker‐Dealers; Lehman, In Turn, Drew on These Facilities..............1387
(a) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ..................................................1387
(b) The Market Greeted the Creation of the PDCF as a Positive
Step Toward Backstopping Broker‐Dealer Liquidity, and as
Shoring Up Lehman’s Liquidity .......................................................1390
(c) In Addition to a Liquidity Backstop, Lehman Viewed the
PDCF as an Outlet for Its Illiquid Positions ....................................1392
(d) Lehman Was Reluctant to Draw on the PDCF Because of a
Perceived “Stigma” Attached to Borrowing from the Facility.....1396
(e) Lehman Accessed the PDCF Ten Times in 2008; Lehman’s
Use of the PDCF Was Concentrated in Periods Immediately
After the Bear Stearns Near Collapse, and Immediately After
LBHI Filed for Bankruptcy ................................................................1398
(3) Other FRBNY Liquidity Facilities ...........................................................1400
(a) The Term Secured Lending Facility .................................................1400
(b) Open Markets Operations..................................................................1401
i) Lehman’s Liquidity Pool................................................................................1401
(1) Introduction and Executive Summary...................................................1401
(2) The Importance of Liquidity to Broker‐Dealers and Investment
Bank Holding Companies Generally .....................................................1406
(3) Lehman’s Liquidity Pool..........................................................................1408
(a) The Purpose and Composition of Lehman’s Liquidity Pool ........1408
(b) Lehman Tested Its Liquidity Pool and Shared the Results of
These Tests with Rating Agencies ....................................................1413
(c) Market Participants Formed Favorable Opinions of
Lehman’s Liquidity on the Basis of Lehman’s
Representations About Its Liquidity Pool .......................................1415
(4) Lehman’s Clearing Banks Sought Collateral Pledges and Cash
Deposits To Secure Intraday Credit Risk; Lehman Included This
Collateral in Its Liquidity Pool................................................................1417
(a) Lehman Pledged CLOs and Other Securities to JPMorgan
Throughout the Summer of 2008 to Meet Triparty‐Repo
Margin Requirements.........................................................................1417
(b) The Securities Posted to Meet JPMorgan’s Margin
Requirements Were Included in Lehman’s Liquidity Pool ..........1422
(c) On June 12, 2008, Lehman Transferred $2 Billion to Citi as
“Comfort” for Continuing CLS Settlement .....................................1424
(d) The Citi “Comfort Deposit” Was Included in Lehman’s
Liquidity Pool ......................................................................................1430
(e) On August 25, 2008, Lehman Executed a Security Agreement
with Bank of America, Granting the Bank a Security Interest
in a $500 Million Deposit ...................................................................1433
(f) LBHI and JPMorgan Executed an Amendment to the June
2000 Clearance Agreement, a Security Agreement and a
Holding Company Guaranty, all Dated August 26, 2008 .............1436
(g) Lehman Assets Subject to the August Security Agreement
Were Included in Lehman’s Liquidity Pool....................................1439
(h) September 2, 2008: Lehman Transferred Just Under $1 Billion
to HSBC to Continue Clearing Operations, and Encumbered
This with “Cash Deeds” Executed on September 9 and
September 12........................................................................................1441
(i) The HSBC Deposit Was Represented as “Liquid” and Was
Included in LBHI’s Liquidity Pool ...................................................1446
(j) Lehman and JPMorgan Executed Another Round of Security
Documentation Dated September 9, 2008; Lehman Made $3.6
Billion and $5 Billion Pledges to JPMorgan Subject to the
Terms of These Agreements..............................................................1446
(k) Lehman Made a Deposit to Bank of New York Mellon to
Cover Intraday Exposure, and Included That Deposit in Its
Liquidity Pool ......................................................................................1448
(l) The Cumulative Impact of Lehman’s Inclusion of Clearing‐
Bank Collateral and Deposits in Its Liquidity Pool........................1450



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