Induced land use emissions due to first and second generation biofuels and ...

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英文文献：Induced land use emissions due to first and second generation biofuels and uncertainty in land use emissions factors-由于第一代和第二代生物燃料以及土地使用排放因素的不确定性而导致的土地使用排放
英文文献作者：Taheripour, Farzad,Tyner, Wallace E.
英文文献摘要：
Much research has provided estimates of induced land use change and emissions for first generation biofuels. Relatively little has estimated land use change for the second generation cellulosic biofuels. In this paper we estimate induced land use change and emissions for these biofuels. Estimated emissions due to land use changes induced by biofuels production are uncertain not only because their associated land use changes are uncertain, but also because of uncertainty in the land use emissions factors (EFs). This paper also examines uncertainties related to these EFs and their assumptions. Three emissions factors including EFs obtained based on Woods Hole (WH) data, EFs developed by California Air Resources Board (CARB), and EFs obtained from the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) are examined. Using these three EFs, induced land use emissions are calculated for several biofuel pathways under alternative assumptions. The land use change results suggest that corn stover (and by implication other crop residues) have no significant induced land use change associated with biofuel production, but that is not the case for dedicated energy crops. Use of dedicated energy crops induces land use change and transfers natural land (in particular forest) to crop production. Producing bio-gasoline from miscanthus generates the lowest land requirement across all alterative pathways. The largest land requirement is associated with the switchgrass. The difference is due largely to the assumed yields of switchgrass and miscanthus in this analysis. The two major conclusions from this emissions analysis are: 1) inclusion or exclusion of cropland pasture makes a huge difference; and 2) there is wide divergence among the emission factor sources, especially for dedicated crop conversion to ethanol. Inclusion of cropland pasture emissions doubles or triples the emissions obtained using the WH EFs. The estimated induced land use emissions for ethanol and bio-gasoline produced from dedicated crops are essentially the same using the WH EFs, but vastly different using the CARB or TEM EFs factors, with cellulosic ethanol producing substantially more emissions.

许多研究已经对第一代生物燃料的土地使用变化和排放进行了估计。很少有人估计第二代纤维素生物燃料的土地利用变化。在这篇论文中，我们估计了这些生物燃料引起的土地利用变化和排放。由生物燃料生产引起的土地利用变化所导致的估计排放是不确定的，这不仅是因为它们相关的土地利用变化是不确定的，而且也因为土地利用排放因子(EFs)的不确定。本文还研究了与这些EFs及其假设相关的不确定性。研究了三种排放因子，包括根据伍兹霍尔(WH)数据获得的EFs、由加州空气资源委员会(CARB)开发的EFs和从陆地生态系统模型(TEM)获得的EFs。利用这三种EFs，在替代假设下计算了几种生物燃料途径诱导的土地使用排放。土地利用变化的结果表明，玉米秸秆(暗示其他作物残留物)没有显著的与生物燃料生产相关的土地利用变化，但这不是专门的能源作物的情况。使用专用能源作物导致了土地利用的变化，并将自然土地(特别是森林)转移到作物生产上。从芒草中生产生物汽油对所有替代途径的土地需求最低。最大的土地需求与柳枝稷有关。这种差异主要是由于本分析中柳枝稷和芒草的假定产量。从排放分析得出的两个主要结论是:1)纳入或排除农田牧场会产生巨大差异;2)各排放因子源差异较大，特别是专用作物转化为乙醇。将农田和牧场的排放计算在内，是使用世界卫生组织的EFs所获得的排放的两倍或三倍。使用世界农业基金会(WH)生产的乙醇和专用作物生产的生物汽油的估计诱导土地使用排放在本质上是相同的，但使用碳水化合物或TEM生产的因素则有很大差异，其中纤维素乙醇产生的排放要多得多。

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