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英文文献：Nontariff Barriers as Bridge to Cross-非关税壁垒作为跨越的桥梁
英文文献作者：Munasib, Abdul,Roy, Devesh
英文文献摘要：
This research assesses the effects of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards in international trade by introducing a new concept, bridge to cross (BTC), with product standards. The BTC in this paper is the regulatory gap between the exporting and importing countries with regard to any particular SPS measure. Assuming that each country’s standard is binding in its own domestic markets, the standard of the importing country emerges as an effective trade barrier only when it exceeds the standard in the domestic market of the exporting country. Given the need to account for unobserved heterogeneity (multilateral resistance) in empirical trade models; in reduced form gravity models, the effect of regulation cannot be identified as it varies at the level of importing country over time. This happens because correct accounting for multilateral resistance mandates exporter x time and importer x time fixed effects. However, the effect of BTC can still be identified because it varies over time by the pair of countries involved in trade. As an application we apply the method to an SPS regulation relating to aflatoxin contamination in maize. In our empirical analysis we find that the effect of BTC is higher for poorer countries. The results have a significantly different policy implication for market access of poor countries. Not only weaker standards in the importing country but tighter standards in domestic markets of exporters could have a significant positive effect on exports.
摘要本研究以产品标准为基础，引入“跨桥”概念，探讨卫生植物检疫标准在国际贸易中的作用。本文中的BTC是指出口国和进口国对于任何特定SPS措施的监管差距。假设每个国家的标准对本国市场具有约束力，只有当进口国的标准超过出口国国内市场的标准时，进口国的标准才会成为有效的贸易壁垒。鉴于需要考虑到经验贸易模型中未观察到的异质性(多边阻力);在简化形式的重力模型中，管制的影响无法确定，因为它随时间在进口国一级有所不同。这是因为对多边阻力的正确计算授权出口商x时间和进口商x时间固定效应。然而，比特币的影响仍然可以被识别出来，因为比特币的影响随着时间的推移而随着涉及贸易的两个国家的变化而变化。作为应用，我们将该方法应用于与玉米黄曲霉毒素污染有关的SPS法规。在我们的实证分析中，我们发现比特币对较贫穷国家的影响更高。研究结果对贫穷国家的市场准入具有显著不同的政策含义。不仅进口国降低标准，而且出口商国内市场提高标准，都可能对出口产生重大的积极影响。
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