解读凯恩斯 - John Maynard Keynes

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John Maynard Keynes

By Hyman P. Minsky



“Today, Mr. Minsky's view [of economics] is more relevant than ever.”- The New York Times

“Indeed, the Minsky moment has become a fashionable catch phrase on Wall Street.”
-The Wall Street Journal

John Maynard Keynes offers a timely reconsideration of the work of the revered economics icon. Hyman Minsky argues that what most economists consider Keynesian economics is at odds with the major points of Keynes's The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Keynes and Minsky refuse to ignore pervasive uncertainty. Once uncertainty is given center stage, recurring episodes of financial system crises are all but inescapable. As Robert Barbera notes in a new preface, “Benign economic circumstances…invite increasingly aggressive financial market wagers. Innovation in finance is a signature development in a capitalist economy. Once leveraged wagers are in place, small disappointments can have exaggerated consequences.” Thus for Minsky economic calm on Main Street engenders financial system fragility which, in turn, ensures a perpetuation of boom and bust cycles.

Minsky colleagues Dimitri B. Papadimitriou and L. Randall Wray write in a new introduction, “We offer this new edition, in the hope that it will contribute to the reformation of economic theory so that it can address the world in which we actually live-the world that was always the topic of Minsky's analysis.”

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关键词：Maynard Keynes John May Key relevant General 凯恩斯 become moment

John Maynard Keynes (Great Thinkers in Economics)
by Paul Davidson



This book examines the life of John Maynard Keynes, explores his influential writings and theories, and assesses his legacy. Davidson looks at the life of Keynes leading up to the writing of his seminal General Theory, and traces the roots of this work in Keynes's early influences, as well as examining the General Theory in detail, and exploring how it differs from classical theory. The impact of Keynes's work on the economy postwar and up to the present day is also assessed.

岂能不看看这本经典呢。。。

凯恩斯《货币、利息和就业通论》

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
by John Maynard Keynes



The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money written by legendary author John Maynard Keynes is widely considered to be one of the top 100 greatest books of all time. This great classic will surely attract a whole new generation of readers. For many, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money is required reading for various courses and curriculums. And for others who simply enjoy reading timeless pieces of classic literature, this gem by John Maynard Keynes is highly recommended.




*有兴趣者，还可以点击版主的 http://www.pinggu.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=671091&highlight=Keynes （Understanding Keynes' General Theory）

凯恩斯的生平事迹。。。


Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography

By Donal Moggridge

John Maynard Keynes, the most influential economist of the twentieth century, also made a unique contribution to public affairs and to Britain's cultural life. In Maynard Keynes, Donald Moggridge draws on an unrivalled knowledge of Keynes gained from twenty years of editing his papers. Fresh in its outlook and revealing in its scope, this is the definitive biography of Keynes.

Donald Moggridge explores Keynes' deep roots in the Victorian Cambridge of Henry Sedgewick and Alfred Marshall, his conventional education at Eton and Cambridge, and his entrance into the wider world. Before 1914, this world included official service in the India Office (1906-1908) before his return to King's College Cambridge as a don, membership of a royal commission, and the editorship of the Economic Journal--all before he was thirty years old. During these years, Keynes also established his lifelong connection with the Bloomsbury Group through Lytton Strachey and Duncan Grant.

The First World War carried Keynes further into British government, where he became the civil servant responsible for Britain's external finances--and, with the Armistice, the Treasury's senior representative at the Paris Peace Conference. Disillusioned by the Peace Treaty and deeply ashamed of his own role at the Conference, he resigned from the Treasury in 1919 to write The Economic Consequences of the Peace, one of the most successful polemics of the century. Keynes was never again just a don. He moved on to become a highly influential figure in the worlds of finance, public affairs, and the arts.

Through his marriage in 1925 to the Russian ballerina Lydia Lopokova, Keynes gained the stability that took him from his role as successful academic economist and polemicist to become the creator of two pioneering works of economic theory, A Treatise on Money (1930), and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). Despite the disabling effects of a severe heart attack in 1937, Keynes went on to play important and revolutionary roles in British government during World War II.

With its careful documentation of all aspects of Keynes' life, and its intimate knowledge of this man and his many worlds, this biography establishes a new benchmark in the study of Keynes. It will be indispensable for economists and historians, and to all those with an interest in the creation of ideas and institutions that are still prominent in the late twentieth century.

不同的角度解读凯恩斯货币理论


Keynes's Monetary Theory: A Different Interpretation

By Allan H. Meltzer


In this rigorous study of John Maynard Keynes's views on economic theory and policy from 1920-1946, Professor Meltzer argues that some of Keynes's main ideas have been ignored or misstated. While attention has focused on short-term countercyclical policies, the main policy implications have been neglected. Keynes placed great emphasis on rules, predictability, and reduction of uncertainty. In keeping with his theoretical work, he opposed discretionary fiscal changes and favored rules to reduce instability and increase the capital stock. These policies are consistent with, and provide evidence for, the interpretation of Keynes's theory developed here.

On Interpreting Keynes: A Study in Reconciliation

By Bruce Littleboy


The publication of Keynes' General Theory in 1936 caused a revolution in economics but, as with most revolutions, its meaning has been contested ever since. In particular, two major schools criticizing the common textbook interpretations of Keynes have emerged, the "fundamentalist" and the "reductionist" (or Clower-Leijonhufvud) factions.

It has long been accepted that these two major schools of criticism are irreconcilable, but this book refutes that position. It argues that a close reading of the key texts of both factions reveals that they disagree through misunderstandings and differences of emphasis rather than through fundamental differences of opinion. The book illustrates their agreement by a careful examination of both schools' positions on the connected topics of unemployment, demand, interest rates, and expenditure. Throughout, the schools are consistent in their emphatic acknowledgement that markets do not function reliably, and this is the starting point from which their positions can be synthesized.

Keynes' General Theory of Interest: A Reconsideration (Foundations of the Market Economy Series)


By Fion Maclachlan


The theory of interest is one of the most controversial areas in economic theory. In Keynes' General Theory of Interest, Fiona Maclachlan revives Keynes' largely discredited liquidity preference of interest theory, providing an original and rigorously reasoned restatement of it. Drawing inspiration from Keynes' original thoughts, she offers a reformulation of this crucial theory to allow more precise definitions of liquidity and liquidity preference.

Any theory that is relevant to modern economics must take account of the motivations of speculative wealth-holders and show how they interact with time preferences of savers and the capital productivity considerations of producer-investors. Maclachlan reaches the innovative conclusion that liquidity preference can explain the existence of interest on its own, while time preference and capital productivity cannot. This result is reinforced with a model that shows how speculative wealth-holders under assumptionsplausible for an economy with developed financial institutions can dominate over savers and producer-borrowers in determining the level of interest.

The central argument of this study is supported by Keynes' writings, particularly those in his published correspondence. The book draws on the methodological tenets of the Austrian school, and is grounded firmly both in the history of economic thought and in real world economic institutions. It is the insights drawn upon in this book, rather than those which have been developed in the Keynesian literature, that Keynes himself considered the most important.

Keynes's General Theory and Accumulation (Modern Cambridge Economics Series)


By A. Asimakopulos


This book makes Keynes's writing on his General Theory accessible to students by presenting this theory in a careful, consistent manner that is faithful to the original. Keynes's theory continues to be important, because the issues it raised, such as the problems of involuntary unemployment, the volatility of investment, and the complexity of monetary arrangements in modern capitalist economies, are still with us. Keynes's method of analysis, which tries to allow for the complications of dealing with historical time, deserves the careful attention given in this book. Keynes's formal analysis dealt only with a short period of time during which changes in productive capacity as a result of net investment
were small relative to initial productive capacity. Roy Harrod and Joan Robinson were the two most prominent followers of Keynes who attempted to extend his analysis to the long period by allowing for the effects of investment on productive capacity as well as on effective demand. The careful examination of their writings on this topic is a natural complement to the presentation of Keynes's General Theory and makes clear the severe limitations on any use of equilibrium concepts in dealing with accumulation in models that try to observe Keynes's warnings about an unknowable future in the type of world we inhabit.

Keynes, the Keynesians and Monetarism


By Tim Congdon


Keynes, the Keynesians and Monetarism is a major contribution to the continuing debate on macroeconomic policy-making. Tim Congdon has been a strong supporter of monetarist economic principles for over 30 years. His writings - in the newspapers and for parliamentary committees, as well as in academic journals - played an influential role in the transformation of British macroeconomic policy in the 1980s and 1990s.


This book brings together the main papers written by the author since his 1992 collection, Reflections on Monetarism. It challenges several `conventional wisdoms' about UK macroeconomic policy (and thinking about policy), arguing - for example - that the Keynesians' advocacy of incomes policy and fiscal activism in the immediate post-war decades did not have a clear basis in Keynes's own writings. The book denies that the UK had a `Keynesian revolution', in the sense of a deliberately pursued fiscal activism to promote `full employment'. Implicit throughout the volume is a distinctive view of how the economy works, with an account of the transmission mechanism (from money to the economy) in which movements in asset prices and aggregate demand are strongly influenced by the quantity of money. Congdon uses this approach to demonstrate that monetary policy has had more powerful effects on macroeconomic activity in the post-war period than fiscal policy. He also suggests that the now fashionable `New Keynesian' view of policy-making acknowledges the primacy of monetary policy and would be better termed `output gap monetarism'. In short, Keynes, the Keynesians and Monetarism contends that monetarism defeated Keynesianism in the battle of ideas in the 1970s and 1980s. The achievement of greater macroeconomic stability in the last 15 years is largely due to the impact of monetarist thinking on policy-making.

The book is clearly and attractively written, and covers topics that are fundamental to macroeconomic thinking and policy-making. It will be a provocative and appealing read for scholars at all levels of economics, macroeconomics and monetary theory. It will also find an audience among policymakers in central banks and finance ministries, business economists working in companies, and financial economists in the City of London and other centres.

Keynes for the Twenty-First Century: The Continuing Relevance of The General Theory

by Mathew Forstater



This book provides an assessment of the impact that Keynesian economics has had over the past 70 years, with contributions by many of Keynes’s leading proponents.