管理A Theory of Human Motivation

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A Theory of Human Motivation

文献名称	A Theory of Human Motivation
文献作者	A. H. Maslow
作者所在单位	Brooklyn College
文献分类	已发表文献
学科一级分类	管理
学科二级分类	管理学
文献摘要	(1) There are at least five sets of goals, which we may call basic needs. These are briefly physiological, safety, love, 'esteem, and self-actualization. In addition, we are motivated by the desire to achieve or maintain the various conditions upon which these basic satisfactions rest and by certain more intellectual desires. (2) These basic goals are related to each other, being arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency. This means that the most prepotent goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend of itself to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The less prepotent needs are [p. 395] minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next prepotent ('higher') need emerges, in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators. Thus man is a perpetually wanting animal. Ordinarily the satisfaction of these wants is not altogether mutually exclusive, but only tends to be. The average member of our society is most often partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied in all of his wants. The hierarchy principle is usually empirically observed in terms of increasing percentages of non-satisfaction as we go up the hierarchy. Reversals of the average order of the hierarchy are sometimes observed. Also it has been observed that an individual may permanently lose the higher wants in the hierarchy under special conditions. There are not only ordinarily multiple motivations for usual behavior, but in addition many determinants other than motives. (3) Any thwarting or possibility of thwarting of these basic human goals, or danger to the defenses which protect them, or to the conditions upon which they rest, is considered to be a psychological threat. With a few exceptions, all psychopathology may be partially traced to such threats. A basically thwarted man may actually be defined as a 'sick' man, if we wish. (4) It is such basic threats which bring about the general emergency reactions. (5) Certain other basic problems have not been dealt with because of limitations of space. Among these are (a) the problem of values in any definitive motivation theory, (b) the relation between appetites, desires, needs and what is 'good' for the organism, (c) the etiology of the basic needs and their possible derivation in early childhood, (d) redefinition of motivational concepts, i. e., drive, desire, wish, need, goal, (e) implication of our theory for hedonistic theory, (f) the nature of the uncompleted act, of success and failure, and of aspiration-level, (g) the role of association, habit and conditioning, (h) relation to the [p. 396] theory of inter-personal relations, (i) implications for psychotherapy, (j) implication for theory of society, (k) the theory of selfishness, (l) the relation between needs and cultural patterns, (m) the relation between this theory and Alport's theory of functional autonomy. These as well as certain other less important questions must be considered as motivation theory attempts to become definitive.
参考文献	1. ADLER, A. Social interest. London: Faber & Faber, 1938. 2. CANNON, W. B. Wisdom of the body. New York: Norton, 1932. 3. FREUD, A. The ego and the mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth, 1937. 4. FREUD, S. New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1933. 5. FROMM, E. Escape from freedom. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1941. 6. GOLDSTEIN, K. The organism. New York: American Book Co., 1939. 7. HORNEY, K. The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton, 1937. 8. KARDINER, A. The traumatic neuroses of war. New York: Hoeber, 1941. 9. LEVY, D. M. Primary affect hunger. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1937, 94, 643-652. 10. MASLOW, A. H. Conflict, frustration, and the theory of threat. J. abnorm. (soc.) Psychol., 1943, 38, 81-86. 11. ----------. Dominance, personality and social behavior in women. J. soc. Psychol., 1939, 10, 3-39. 12. ----------. The dynamics of psychological security-insecurity. Character & Pers., 1942, 10, 331-344. 13. ----------. A preface to motivation theory. Psychosomatic Med., 1943, 5, 85-92. 14. ----------. & MITTLEMANN, B. Principles of abnormal psychology. New York: Harper & Bros., 1941. 15. MURRAY, H. A., et al. Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938. 16. PLANT, J. Personality and the cultural pattern. New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1937. 17. SHIRLEY, M. Children's adjustments to a strange situation. J. abrnorm. (soc.) Psychol., 1942, 37, 201-217. 18. TOLMAN, E. C. Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Century, 1932. 19. WERTHEIMER, M. Unpublished lectures at the New School for Social Research. 20. YOUNG, P. T. Motivation of behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1936. 21. ----------. The experimental analysis of appetite. Psychol. Bull., 1941, 38, 129-164.
关键字	Human Motivation；needs；physiological；self-actualization
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发表时间	1943
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huayuyang	huayuyang发表于:2012-4-28 22:21 谢谢提供
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