·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧʷÆÀÂÛ
µÚÒ»Õ ·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧµÄ²úÉúÓë·¢Õ¹
Ò»¡¢²úÉú
¹Åµä¾¼Ãѧ²úÉú±È½Ï¹«ÈϵĹ۵ãÊÇ1776ÄêÑǵ±.˹Ãܵġ¶¹ú¸»ÂÛ¡·³ö°æ£¬Ìá³öÁËÊг¡¡°¿´²»¼ûµÄÊÖ¡±×÷ÓûúÀí¡£1890ÄêÂíЪ¶ûµÄ¡¶¾¼ÃѧÔÀí¡·³ö°æ¡£´ËÇ°µÄ¾¼Ãѧ¶¼±»³ÉΪÕþÖξ¼Ãѧ£¬ÂíЪ¶ûÒýÈë±ß¼Ê·ÖÎö·½·¨ÒԺ󣬿ªÊ¼³öÏÖйŵäÖ÷ÕŵÄ×ÔÓɾ¼ÃÂÛ¡£
1936ÄêÓ¢¹ú¿¶÷˹·¢²¼ÁË¡¶¾ÍÒµÀûÏ¢ºÍ»õ±ÒͨÂÛ¡·£¬±êÖ¾×źê¹Û¾¼ÃѧµÄµ®Éú£¬Ö÷ÕÅÕþ¸®¶Ô¾¼Ã½øÐкê¹Ûµ÷¿Ø£¬Õþ¸®¸ÉÔ¤¾¼ÃµÄÕâÖ»¿´µÃ¼ûµÄÊÖ¿ªÊ¼·¢»Ó×÷Óá£
¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍËÄÊ®Äê´úÄ©£¬ÎåÊ®Äê´ú³õ£¬¶þÕ½ºó¿ªÊ¼Ðγɷ¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ£¬ÒÔ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒΪÑо¿¶ÔÏ󡣸Ãѧ¿ÆÒ²¿ªÊ¼Ñо¿·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ·¢Õ¹¹æÂÉ¡£
¶þÕ½ÒÔºó£¬ÊÀ½çÖ³ÃñµØÌåϵÍ߽⣬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÒªÇó·¢Õ¹¾¼Ã£¬¿Í¹ÛÉÏÒªÇóһÞ¼ÃÀíÂÛÖ§³ÖÆä·¢Õ¹¡£·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÒ²ÔÚÖ¸µ¼·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò·¢Õ¹£¬²¢½«Æä·¢Õ¹ÄÉÈë×Ô¼ºµÄ¾¼ÃÌåϵ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ·¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ²úÉúÓÚ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¡£
·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¨developingcountries£©ÓÖ±»³ÆΪÂäºó¹ú¼Ò£¨BackwardCountries£©£¬ÊÇÏà¶Ô·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¶øÑԵģ¬Ò²±»³ÆΪǷ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò»òÕß²»·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò£¨undeveloped/less developed countries£©¡£¾ßÓÐÒÔÏÂÌØÕ÷£ºÒ»ÊÇÈ˾ùGNP<=500$ £¨ÊÀÐбê×¼£©£»¶þÊÇÀͶ¯Éú²úÂʵͣ¨¼¼Êõ½ø²½Ë®Æ½µÍ£©£»ÈýÊÇÈË¿ÚѹÁ¦½Ï´ó£»ËÄÊÇ´æÔÚ×ÅÒþ±ÎÐÔʧҵ£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÔÚÅ©ÒµÁìÓò¡£Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄîÊÇÁõÒ×˹×îÔçÌá³öÀ´µÄ£¬ËûµÄ¶þÔª¾¼Ãѧ˵±íÃ÷£¬±¾À´ÀͶ¯ÕßÓ¦¸Ã´Óʸü¸ß²ã´ÎµÄ¹¤×÷£¬È´±»ÆÈ´ÓʵͲã´ÎµÄ¹¤×÷£¬Ôì³ÉÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾µÄÀË·Ñ£¬Õâ¸öÏÖÏó¾ÍÊǾÍÒµ²»×㣬¾ÍÒµ²»×㲻ͬÓÚÏÔÐÔʧҵ£»ÎåÊÇÅ©Òµ±ÈÖؽϴó£¬Õ¼µ½GDPµÄ20%ÒÔÉÏ£¬Å©Òµ¾ÍÒµµÄ±ÈÖØÒ²½Ï´ó£»ÁùÊÇÉú»îˮƽµÍ£¬ÊÕÈë²î¾à´ó£»ÆßÊdzö¿ÚˮƽµÍ£¬²¢ÇÒÒÔ³ö¿ÚÔÁÏΪÖ÷£¬Ö÷ÒªÊdzõ¼¶²úÆ·³ö¿Ú£¬ÐγÉŤÇúµÄÍâó½á¹¹£»°ËÊǹú¼Ê¹ØϵÖд¦ÓÚ±»Ö§ÅäµÄµØλ£»¾ÅÊÇ´æÔÚһЩÌåÖÆÐÔÎÊÌ⣬ÄÑÒÔ½â¾ö£¬·¢Õ¹´æÔÚÀ§ÄÑ¡£
¶þ¡¢·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧµÄÖ÷Ìâ
£¨Ò»£©Ñо¿¶ÔÏóÖ÷ÒªÊÇ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÎÊÌâ¡£Ñо¿·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄܹ»·¢Õ¹³ÉΪ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¡£
£¨¶þ£©Ñо¿·¶Î§±È½Ï¹ã£¬ÊÇÒ»ÃÅ×ÛºÏÐÔѧ¿Æ£¬°üÀ¨Èý´ó·½Ã棺
1¡¢·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¾¼ÃÔö³¤
¾¼ÃÔö³¤Ö¸µÄÊÇÈçºÎ»ýÀÛÔö³¤ËùÐèµÄ×ʽð£¬ÊǺê¹ÛÕþ²ßµÄÄ¿±ê£¬ÊǾ¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ»ù´¡ºÍ¶¯Á¦£¬Ò²ÊǸ÷¹ú·¢Õ¹Ë®Æ½´æÔÚ²îÒìµÄÔÒò¡£·¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ¾ÍÊÇÒªÑо¿ÈçºÎʵÏÖ¿ìËÙ¾¼ÃÔö³¤¡£
2¡¢¾¼Ã½á¹¹±ä¶¯ÎÊÌâ¡£±ÈÈ磬¹¤Å©ÒµÐµ÷·¢Õ¹ÎÊÌ⣬Ͷ×ÊÈçºÎÅäÖõÄÎÊÌ⣬ÈË¿Ú³ÇÊл¯ÎÊÌâµÈ¡£ÊÕÈë·ÖÅä½á¹¹Éæ¼°µ½¾¼Ã½á¹¹£¬ÕþÖνṹºÍÉç»á½á¹¹¡£ºê¹Û¾¼ÃÐèÒªÒÀ¿¿Ë°Êոܸ˵÷½ÚÊÕÈë½á¹¹¡£ÎÒ¹úÖ÷Ҫǿµ÷¾¼Ã½á¹¹ÎÊÌâ¡£
3¡¢·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ·¢Õ¹¹ÛÄî¡£ÆäÖаüÀ¨Õþ¸®µÄ½ÇÉ«ºÍ·¢Õ¹Ä£Ê½¡£ÎÒ¹ú´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌâÊǾ¼Ã¹ÜÀí©¶´Ì«¶à£¬Õþ¸®µÄȨÁ¦Ì«´ó£¬Òò´ËÐèÒªµ÷ÕûÕþ¸®½á¹¹¡£
£¨Èý£©ÓëÆäËûѧ¿ÆµÄ¹ØϵÓëÇø±ð
·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧÊÇÎ÷·½¾¼ÃµÄÖØÒª·ÖÖ§¡£
1¡¢Óëºê¹Û¡¢Î¢¹Û¾¼ÃѧµÄÇø±ð¡£Î¢ºê¹Û¾¼Ãѧһ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒΪÑо¿¶ÔÏó£¬ÊǹØÓÚ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒµÄ¾¼Ãѧ£¬½öΪ·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧµÄ»ù´¡£¬²»ÄÜÖ±½ÓÓÃÀ´½â¾ö·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¾¼ÃÎÊÌâ¡£
2¡¢ÓëÔö³¤¾¼ÃѧµÄ²»Í¬¡£¾¼ÃÔö³¤²»ÄÜÈ¡´ú¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹¡£¾¼ÃÔö³¤Ö»Ñо¿·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÈçºÎÔö³¤£¬·¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ»¹ÒªÑо¿¾¼Ã½á¹¹±ä¶¯£¬½¨Á¢¾¼Ã½á¹¹Ìåϵ¡£
3¡¢ÓëÉç»áÖ÷ÒåÕþÖξ¼ÃѧµÄÇø±ð¡£Éç»áÖ÷ÒåÕþÖξ¼ÃѧÊÇÒ»ÃÅ´¿ÀíÂÛѧ¿Æ£¬·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧÊÇ´ÓÎ÷·½Òý½øµÄ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷ÒåÒ²ÊÇ´ÓÎ÷·½Òý½øµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇÓÖ²»Í¬µÄÌåϵ¡£
Èý¡¢¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄº¬ÒåºÍ¶ÈÁ¿
£¨Ò»£©¾¼ÃÔö³¤£¨economic growth£©
Ö¸Ò»¸ö¹ú¼ÒGNP»òÕßÈ˾ùGNP£¨Õâ¸öÖ¸±ê¸ü¿Æѧ£©µÄÔö³¤Çé¿ö»òÕ̶߳ȣ¬ÊǾ¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ»ù´¡¡£GNPÊÇÖ¸Ò»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÒ»ÄêÄÚÉú²úµÄ×îÖÕ²úÆ·£¨²»°üÀ¨ÖмäÏûºÄ£©¼ÛÖµ×ܺ͡£GNP°üÀ¨Ò»Çл£¬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔÓù¤×ʼÆËã¡£
¹«Ê½£º×ܲúÖµ=¡Æ(²úÆ·²úÁ¿¡Á¼Û¸ñ)£¬Õâ¸öÖ¸±ê´æÔÚÖظ´¼ÆËã¡£¾»²úÖµ=×ܲúÖµ-ÎïºÄ£¬ÆäÖеÄÎïÖÊÉú²ú²¿ÃŲ»°üÀ¨·þÎñ²¿ÃÅ¡£
¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÊÇÖ¸ÔÚ¾¼ÃÔö³¤µÄ»ù´¡ÉÏËùÐγɵÄһϵÁнṹ±ä¸ï£¬×îÖ÷ÒªµÄÊǾ¼Ã½á¹¹¸Ä¸ï£¬ÆäÖÐÓÖÒÔ²úÒµ½á¹¹±ä¸ï×îΪÖØÒª¡£¾¼Ã½á¹¹°üÀ¨²úÒµ½á¹¹¡¢·ÖÅä½á¹¹¡¢Í¶×ʽṹ¡¢ÇøÓò½á¹¹¡¢ÀͶ¯Á¦½á¹¹µÈ¡£
²úÒµ½á¹¹ÓÐÁ½ÌõÖ÷Ïß¡£Ëæמ¼Ã·¢Õ¹£¬Ò»ÊÇÅ©Òµ±ÈÖØϽµ£¬¹¤Òµ£¨µÚ¶þ²úÒµ£©±ÈÖØÉÏÉý¡£¶þÊÇÀͶ¯Á¦·Ý¶îÖУ¬ÀͶ¯Á¦½áÒµ½µµÍ£¬²úֵϽµ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵GNPÖÐÅ©ÒµÔö¼ÓÖµ±ÈÀýϽµ£¬µ«ÊǶþÕß²¢²»Í¬²½£¬Ò»°ãÅ©Òµ²úÖµ·Ý¶îϽµ»á¸ü¿ìһЩ¡£
Å©Òµ±ÈÖØϽµÊÇÓÀºãµÄ£¬ ¶ø¹¤Òµ±ÈÖصÄÔö³¤Ôò²»ÊÇÓÀºãµÄ£¬¾ßÓн׶ÎÐÔ£¬¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹´ïµ½³ÉÊìÆÚ£¬¹¤Òµ±ÈÖؾͲ»ÔÙÉÏÉýÁË£¬»á±»µÚÈý²úҵȡ´ú£¬µ½Á˾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ¸ß¼¶½×¶Î£¬¹¤Òµ²úÖµ±ÈÖØÒ»°ãÔÚ35%×óÓÒ¡£¾¼ÃÔö³¤Ò»°ã»á´øÀ´·ÖÅäÎÊÌâ¡£µÚÈý²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹ÊÇÏÖ´úÉç»áµÄ±êÖ¾¡£ÆäÖÐ×îÖØÒªµÄÊǽðÈÚÒµ¡£
¸ÅÀ¨ÆðÀ´£¬ED=EG+SC£¬¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹=¾¼ÃÔö³¤+¾¼Ã½á¹¹±ä¸ï¡£¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÊÇÄ¿µÄ£¬¾¼ÃÔö³¤ÊÇÊֶΣ¬±êÖ¾×ŲƸ»µÄÔö³¤¡£¾¼ÃÔö³¤ÊǾ¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ»ù´¡£¬Èç¹ûûÓо¼ÃÔö³¤¾ÍûÓо¼Ã·¢Õ¹¡£¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÊǾ¼ÃÔö³¤µÄ½á¹¹£¬µ«ÊDz¢·Ç±ØÈ»½á¹û¡£Óо¼ÃÔö³¤µ«ÊÇûÓо¼Ã·¢Õ¹£¬³ÆΪÎÞ·¢Õ¹µÄÔö³¤£¬ÒòΪÉç»á·ÖÅä»áÑÏÖز»¹«Æ½£¬¾¼ÃÀûÒæ±»ÉÙÊýÈËÕ¼ÓУ¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ³ÆΪÁã·¢Õ¹µÄÔö³¤Ä£Ê½
£¨¶þ£©¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ¶ÈÁ¿
¾¼ÃÔö³¤µÄ¶ÈÁ¿£¬¹ú¼ÊÉÏÓÐͨÓÃģʽ£¬Ôö³¤ËÙ¶È=·¢Õ¹ËÙ¶È-1= - 1¡£ÀýÈç92~97ÄêÎåÄê·¢Õ¹³É¾Í£¬¼ÆËãʱÓüÆËã¡£Èç¹û¼ÆËãÒ»¸öʱÆÚ£¬Ôò²ÉÓÃƽ¾ùÔö³¤Ëٶȡ£È±ÏÝÊÇÔö³¤Âʲ»ÄÜ˵Ã÷GNPµÄÀ´Ô´Çé¿ö£»²»ÄÜ·´Ó³»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯Çé¿ö£»²»ÄÜ˵Ã÷·ÖÅäÎÊÌ⣬¿ÉÄܾ¼ÃÔö³¤Ëٶȿ죬µ«ÊÇ·ÖÅä²»ºÏÀí£»µ±È»GNP²»ÄÜ°üÀ¨ËùÓл£¬±ØÈ»¼ÒÍ¥Ö÷¸¾µÄÀͶ¯¡£
Ϊ´ËÎ÷·½¾¼ÃѧÌá³öÁËһЩÐÞÕý·½·¨£º±ÈÈç²ÉÓüÓȨÔö³¤ÂÊ£¬G=p1y1+p2y2+¡+pnyn£¬ÆäÖÐpi¿É²ÉÓÃÈË¿Ú±ÈÖØ¡£²»Í¬ÊÕÈë½×²ãµÄÈË¿Ú±ÈÖØΪp£¬ÊÕÈëΪy£¬ÓüÓȨƽ¾ù¿ÉÒÔ·´Ó³ÊÕÈë·ÖÅäÇé¿ö¡£¼ÓȨƽ¾ùµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄÜÊýÖµÏà¶ÔÓÚÐÞÕýÇ°µÄ·½·¨ÒªÐ¡Ò»Ð©¡£
¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹Ã»ÓкܺõĽâ¾ö¶ÈÁ¿ÎÊÌâ¡£ÏÖÔÚ³£ÓÃÖ¸±êÌåϵ¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÌá³öÁË16¸öÖ¸±ê·´Ó³¾¼ÃÔö³¤£ºÈË¿ÚÊÙÃü£»³ÇÊÐÈË¿ÚÂÊ£¨Õâ¸öÖ¸±ê³¬¹ý70%ÒÔºó¾ÍÄÑÒÔÉÏÉý£¬»á³öÏÖ·´³ÇÊл¯ÏÖÏ󣩣»Ïû·Ñ¶¯ÎïÐÔʳƷÇé¿ö£»ÖÐСѧÉú×¢²áÈËÊý±ÈÀý£¨ÈëѧÂÊ£©£»Ö°Òµ½ÌÓý£¨¼ÌÐø½ÌÓý£©ÈëѧÂÊ£»Ã¿¼ä¾ÓÊÒƽ¾ù¾ÓסÈË¿ÚÊý£¨È˾ù¾ÓסÃæ»ý£©£»Ã¿Ç§ÈË¿Ú¶Á±¨ÈËÊý£¬·´Ó³ÀͶ¯Á¦ËØÖÊ£»¾ÓÃñÓõçˮúÆø±ÈÂÊ£»Ã¿¸öÄÐÐÔÅ©Òµ¹¤ÈËÉú²úÂÊ£¨Å©ÒµÀͶ¯Éú²úÂÊ£©£»Å©ÒµÖгÉÄêÀͶ¯Á¦°Ù·Ö±È£»È˾ùÏû·Ñ£»È˾ùÏû·Ñ¸ÖÁ¿£»È˾ùÄÜÔ´Ïû·ÑÁ¿£»¹¤ÒµÌرðÊÇÖÆÔìÒµÔÚGNPÖеıÈÂÊ£»È˾ùÍâó±ÈÖØ£¨ÊýÁ¿£©£»¹¤Ð½½×²ãÊÕÈëÕßÔÚ¾¼Ã»î¶¯ÈË¿ÚÖаٷֱȣ»16¸öÊý¾ÝÖ®¼ä¿ÉÄܼÆËã½á¹ûÓÐì¶Ü£¬ÐèÒª½â¾öÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬ÓÐÈËÌá³öÁË×ÛºÏÖ¸Êý¡£
ËÄ¡¢·¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ·¢Õ¹µÄÈý¸ö½×¶Î
½×¶ÎÒ»£º50Äê´ú³õ~60Äê´ú³õ£¬ÕâÊÇ·¢Õ¹µÄ»Æ½ðʱ´ú¡£ÌØÕ÷ÊÇΨ×ʱ¾ÂÛ£¬Ç¿µ÷×ʱ¾ÔÚ¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÖеÄ×÷Óã»Î¨¹¤ÒµÂÛ£»Î¨¼Æ»®ÂÛ¡£·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧµÄÖ÷Á÷ѧÅÉÊǽṹÖ÷Ò壬ÈÏΪÊг¡ÔÚ½â¾ö¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÎÊÌâÖв»ÊÇΨһ»úÖÆ¡£Õâ¸ö½×¶Î´Ó·¢Õ¹Õ½ÂÔÉÏ¿´£¬Ö÷ÕÅÄÚÏòÐÍ·¢Õ¹Õ½ÂÔ£¬Ç¿µ÷½ø¿ÚÌæ´úµÄ¹¤Òµ»¯¡£
½×¶Î¶þ£º60Äê´ú~80Äê´ú£¬´¦ÓÚµ÷ÕûʱÆÚ¡£ÌصãÊÇ¿ªÊ¼ÖØÊÓÅ©Òµ£¬±ØÈ»Êæ¶û´Ä·¢±íµÄ¡¶´«Í³Å©Òµ¸ÄÔì¡·µÈÖø×÷£»Ç¿µ÷Êг¡µÄÖØÒªÐÔ£»Ç¿µ÷ÁËóÒ×µÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£
¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄʵ¼ùÊÇÒ»Ö±´æÔڵģ¬µ«ÈçºÎÖ¸µ¼¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÊÇ×îÖØÒªµÄ¡£Õâ¸ö½×¶ÎÁ÷ÅɵÄÌØÕ÷ÊÇйŵäÖ÷ÒåѧÅÉ¡£ÈÏΪ¾¡¹ÜÊг¡²»ÍêÉÆ£¬µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÅàÓýÊг¡Ìåϵ£¬Ê¹Æä³ä·Ö·¢»Ó×÷Óá£
½×¶ÎÈý£º´Ó80Äê´úÖÁ½ñµÄ±¯¹Û״̬¡£ºóÃæ»áÓÐÐðÊö¡£
µÚ¶þÕ·¢Õ¹¾¼ÃѧµÄÖ÷ÒªÁ÷ÅÉ
Ò»¡¢¸ÅÂÛ
£¨Ò»£© Èý¸öÖ÷ÒªÁ÷ÅÉ
Ò»ÊǽṹÖ÷Ò壨Structuralistschool£©£¬¶þÊÇйŵäÖ÷ÒåѧÅÉ£¨Neoclassicalschool£©£¬ÈýÊǼ¤½øÖ÷Ò壨ÐÂÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷Ò壩£¨Radicalschool£©¡£
£¨¶þ£© ¸÷×ÔµÄÌصã
½á¹¹Ö÷ÒåÖ÷ÕÅÕþ¸®¸ÉÔ¤¾¼Ã£¬½â¾ö·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò´æÔÚµÄÉç»á¾¼Ã½á¹¹ÎÊÌ⣬Êг¡×÷Óò»Äܵõ½³ä·Ö·¢»ÓµÄÎÊÌâ¡£
йŵäÖ÷ÒåÇ¿µ÷Êг¡¼Û¸ñ»úÖƵÄ×÷Óã¬Ö÷ÕÅÍêÈ«¾ºÕù£¬Ó÷¢´ï¹ú¼ÒµÄģʽÌ×Óõ½·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¡£
¼¤½øÖ÷ÒåÖØÊÓ½×¼¶·ÖÎö£¬ÈÏΪÊÇÊÀ½ç¾¼Ã½á¹¹ÖеIJ»ºÏÀíÒòËص¼ÖÂÁË·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄƶÀ§¡£
£¨Èý£© ·¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ¼ÒµÄ¹éÀࣺÀýÈçÁõÒ×˹Ìá³öÁ˶þÔª½á¹¹£¬ÊôÓڽṹÖ÷Ò壬Ҳǿµ÷Êг¡µÄ×÷Óã¬ÓÐʱºò¿É¹éÓÚÊг¡Ö÷Ò壨»òÕßйŵäÖ÷Ò壩¡£
¶þ¡¢½á¹¹Ö÷ÒåѧÅÉ
£¨Ò»£© »ù±¾Ë¼Ïë
ÈÏΪÊг¡¼Û¸ñ»úÖƲ»ÊÊÓÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬ÒòΪÔÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò´æÔÚһϵÁÐÉç»á¾¼Ã½á¹¹ÎÊÌ⣬ÓÐÆäÌØÊâÐÔ£¬ÈçÊг¡²»ÍêÉÆ£¬¼Û¸ñ±»Å¤Çú£¬¾¼Ã½á¹¹È±·¦µ¯ÐԵȣ¬¾¼ÃÐÐΪ²»ºÏºõÀíÐÔ£¬´Ó¶øÏÞÖÆÁËÊг¡»úÖƵÄ×÷Ó㬷¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÒªÍ¨¹ýÕþ¸®¸ÉÔ¤À´ÊµÏÖ¡£¸ÃѧÅɲ»Í¬ÓÚ¿¶÷˹Ö÷Ò壬ÈÏΪ¿¶÷˹Ö÷ÒåµÄʵʩÐèÇó¹ÜÀíµÄ³à×Ö²ÆÕþ²¢²»Äܽâ¾ö·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÒòΪ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄÎÊÌâÔÚÓÚ¹©¸ø²»×㣬ÊǶÌȱ¾¼Ãѧ£¨Ç®¶ûÄεĹ۵㣩£¬Ó¦¸Ã´Ì¼¤¹©¸ø£¨Éú²ú£©¡£
£¨¶þ£© ´ú±íÈËÎï
Ò»ÊÇÁõÒ×˹£¨ºÚÈË£©£¬Ìá³öÁ˶þÔª½á¹¹£¬ÈÏΪ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò´æÔÚÏÖ´ú²¿ÃÅ£¨¶Ìȱ£©ÎÊÌ⣬´æÔÚ¹«¿ªÐÔʧҵ£»´«Í³²¿ÃÅ£¨Å©Òµ£©´æÔÚÒþ±ÎÐÔʧҵ£¬´æÔÚ¹«¿ª»ú»á¡£ÀͶ¯Á¦×ªÒÆÊǾ¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄÖ÷Ïߣ¬°ÑÀͶ¯Á¦×ªÒƵ½Á½¸ö²¿ÃŵŤ×ÊˮƽÏ൱²Å»áÍ£Ö¹¡£Å©Òµ²¿ÃÅÍêÈ«ÉÌÒµ»¯£¬¶þÔª½á¹¹Ç÷ÏòÓÚÒ»Ôª½á¹¹£¬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò·¢Õ¹Îª·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¡£Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ìʵ¼ÊÉÏÊǸö½á¹¹µ÷ÕûµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÊÌâÔÚÓÚÕâÖÖÀͶ¯Á¦µÄתÒƶÔÓÚÅ©Òµ»áÓÐʲôӰÏ죿ÁõÒ×˹ÈÏΪûÓÐÓ°Ï졣ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÍùÍùÊÇÊ×ÏÈ´ÓũҵתÒÆËØÖʽϸߵÄÀͶ¯Á¦£¬ÕâÊÇÅ©Òµ¾«Ó¢µÄÍâÁ÷£¬µ¼ÖÂÅ©ÒµÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾ÍâÁ÷µÄËðʧ£¬´Ó¶ø»áÓ°ÏìÅ©Òµ·¢Õ¹¡£Êæ¶û´ÄÔø¾¶Ô´ËÓйýÅúÅС£ÍдïÂÞÕë¶Ô¸Ã¹ÛµãÈÏΪӦ¸ÃÔÚÅ©´å¸ã×ۺϷ¢Õ¹£¬½øÐÐÊʶȵĽÌÓýͶ×Ê¡£
¶þÊÇÂÞÉ˹̹.ÂÞµ¤¡£Ìá³öÁË×ʱ¾´óÍƽøÀíÂÛ£¨economic backward, big push£©£¬Ç¿µ÷¶ÔÅ©Òµ½øÐÐͶ×ʵÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£
ÈýÊÇÄÉ¿Ë˹¡£Ìá³öÁËƶÀ§¶ñÐÔÑ»·ÀíÂÛ£¬Ö»ÓÐͶ×ʲÅÄÜ´òÆÆÕâÖÖ¶ñÐÔÑ»·¡£
ËÄÊÇÐÁ¸ñ¡£Ìá³öÁËóÒ×Ìõ¼þ¶ñ»¯ÂÛ£¬ÐèÒª¸ÄÉÆ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄóÒ×Ìõ¼þ¡£
ÎåÊÇçѶû´ï¶û£¨Èðµä£©¡£Ìá³öÁËÑ»·Òò¹û¹ØϵÀíÂÛ¡£
£¨Èý£© Õþ²ßÖ÷ÕÅ
µÚÒ»£¬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÐèÒª½øÐо¼Ã½á¹¹¸Ä¸ï£¨µ÷Õû£©ºÍÉç»á¸Ä¸ï¡£Àí˳Éç»á¾¼Ã£¬Îª½ú¼¶·¢Õ¹ÌṩÁ¼ºÃµÄ»ù´¡¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬Õþ¸®ÐèÒª¸ÉÔ¤¾¼Ã¡£¾¼Ã²»ÄÜ·ÅÈÎ×ÔÁ÷£¬Êг¡¾¼Ã²»ÊʺϷ¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¡£
µÚÈý£¬ÒÔ¹úÄÚ×ÊÔ´ÅäÖÃΪ»ù´¡£¬Ê×ÏȽøÐнø¿ÚÌæ´úµÄÄÚÏòÐ͹¤Òµ»¯£¬ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬½øÐгö¿ÚÍƶ¯¡£
£¨ËÄ£© ÆÀÂÛ
ȱµãÊǹý·Ö±áµÍÊг¡¼Û¸ñ»úÖÆ×÷Ó㬹ý·Ö¸ß¹ÀÁËÕþ¸®µÄ×÷Ó᣶¯Ì¬¹ÛÄî´ÓÏ໥ÁªÏµµÄÒò¹û¹ØϵÖÐÑо¿¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÎÊÌ⣬ͨ¹ý¸Ä±ä·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÉç»á¾¼Ã½á¹¹£¬Îª¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÌṩÁ¼ºÃ»ù´¡¡£
Èý¡¢Ð¹ŵäÖ÷ÒåѧÅÉ
£¨Ò»£© »ù±¾Ë¼Ïë
ÕâÊÇÓ¦ÓÃйŵäÖ÷Òå¾¼ÃѧÑо¿·¢Õ¹ÎÊÌâµÄѧÅÉ¡£¾¼Ãѧ´ÓÔʼ״̬·¢Õ¹µ½ÖØÉÌÖ÷Ò壬ÖØÅ©Ö÷Ò壬Õâʱºò½ö½öÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¾¼Ã˼Ï룬»¹²»ÊǾ¼Ãѧ¡£Ö±µ½1776ÄêÑǵ±.˹Ãܵġ¶¹ú¸»ÂÛ¡··¢±íÒÔºó£¬Ìá³öÁË¡°¿´²»¼ûµÄÊÖ¡±ÀíÂÛ£¬¹Åµä¾¼Ãѧ²Å¿ªÊ¼Ðγɡ£
1890ÄêÂíЪ¶ûÖøµÄ¡¶¾¼ÃѧÔÀí¡·ÖÐÒÔ¡°×ÔÀû¡±µÄ¾¼ÃÈ˼ÙÉè×÷Ϊ¾¼ÃѧÑо¿µÄ¼ÙÉèÌõ¼þ£¬ÒýÈëÁËÊýÁ¿·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬±ÈÈç±ß¼Ê·ÖÎöºÍ¾ùºâ·ÖÎö£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇËùνµÄÊýÁ¿·ÖÎö¸ïÃü£¬Ð¹ŵ侼Ãѧ¿ªÊ¼Ðγɡ£
ºÉÀ¼µÄ¶¡²®¸ù¿ªÊ¼²ÉÓüÆÁ¿·½·¨Ñо¿¾¼ÃÎÊÌ⣬¿ª´´Á˼ÆÁ¿¾¼Ãѧ¡£ÓÃÊýÁ¿Öƶ¨¼Æ»®£¬ÓÃÊýѧ·½·¨½â¾öÎÊÌâ¡£
ÈðµäѧÅÉ¿ªÊ¼ÔÚ¿¶÷˹ÀíÂÛÖÐÒýÈë¸ÅÂÊÂÛ£¬ÐèÒªÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÊýѧ»ù´¡¡£
1936Ä꣬¿¶÷˹¡¶Í¨ÂÛ¡·µÄ·¢±í£¬±ê־מ¼ÃѧӹË×»¯µÄ¿ªÊ¼£¬Ç¿µ÷¼ÛÖµµÄÐÄÀíÆÀ¼ÛµÄ×÷Óá£
йŵäÖ÷ÒåÈÏΪ¼Û¸ñ»úÖÆÊǵ÷½Ú¾¼ÃÔËÐеÄΨһ»úÖÆ¡£Í¨¹ýËü¿ÉÒÔʵÏÖ×ÊÔ´ÅäÖÃ×îÓÅ»¯£¬ÊµÏÖ¾¼ÃµÄ¸ßЧÂÊ¡£Ö»Òª¼Û¸ñ»úÖÆÄܹ»Õý³£·¢»Ó×÷Ó㬾¼Ã¾Í¿ÉÓкܺõط¢Õ¹¡£
йŵäÖ÷ÒåµÄ·¢Õ¹¹Û£ºÈÏΪ·¢Õ¹ÊÇÒ»¸ö½¥½øµÄ¡¢Á¬ÐøµÄ¡¢ÀÛ½øµÄ¹ý³Ì£¬¼Û¸ñÊǵ÷½Ú·¢Õ¹½ø³ÌµÄÔ¶¯Á¦¡£·¢Õ¹ÊÇÒ»¸öºÍгƽÎȵĹý³Ì£¬¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹±¾ÉíÓÐÒ»¸ö×ÔÎÒµ÷½Ú»úÖÆ£¬¿ÉÒÔʵÏÖÁ¼ºÃµÄÑ»·ÖÈÐò¡£¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹ÊÇ¿ÉÄܵģ¬Ç°¾°ÊÇÀֹ۵ģ¬¾¼ÃÔö³¤ÀûÒæ¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¶¯·ÖÅäµ½Éç»á¸÷Ö÷Ìå¡£
¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹¾ßÓÐ×ÝÏòµÄä¸Á÷ЧӦºÍºáÏòµÄÀ©É¢Ð§Ó¦¡£¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹¹ý³ÌÖпÉÒÔʵÏÖÅÁÀÛÍÐ×îÓÅ£¬³Æ֮ΪÅÁÀÛÍÐÍƽø£¬µäÐ͵Ĵú±íÊÇÅ©´å³Ð°üÖÆ¡£¾ö²ß¹ý³ÌÖеĿ¨¶û¶à×¼ÔòÖ¸µÄÊÇÈç¹ûÕþ²ß³ǫ̈£¬²¿·ÖÈËÊÜË𣬲¿·ÖÈËÊÕÈëÔö¼Ó£¬µ«ÊÇÔö¼ÓµÄ²¿·Ö´óÓÚÊÜËðµÄ²¿·Ö£¬¾ÍÈÏΪÕâÏîÕþ²ßÊǺõġ£ÕâÒ²ÊǾ¼Ã¾ö²ßµÄ²¹³¥ÔÔò£¬Ò²±»³ÆΪ׼ÅÁÀÛÍÐ×¼Ôò¡£µ«ÊÇÆäÍƽøÒªÀ§ÄÑЩ¡£ÀýÈçÅ©²úÆ·Á÷ͨÌåÖƸĸï´æÔÚÀ§ÄÑ£¬¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÐéÄâ²¹³¥¡£
£¨¶þ£© ´ú±íÈËÎï
1¡¢Êæ¶û´ÄÓÚ1979Äê»ñµÃŵ±´¶û¾¼Ãѧ½±£¬´ú±í×÷ÊÇ¡¶¸ÄÔ촫ͳũҵ¡·£¬Ç¿µ÷ÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾µÄ×÷Óá£
2¡¢±«¶û
3¡¢»³ÌØ
£¨Èý£© Õþ²ßÖ÷ÕÅ
1¡¢ÅàÓýºÍÍêÉÆÊг¡¼Û¸ñÌåϵ£¬²¢Óü۸ñ»úÖƵ÷Õû¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹¡£
2¡¢Õþ¸®²»Ó¦¸Ã¹ý¶àµÄ¸ÉÔ¤¾¼Ã¡£
£¨ËÄ£©ÆÀÂÛ
ÕâÊÇÖ÷Á÷Åɵķ¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ˼Ï룬ǿµ÷Êг¡¼Û¸ñ»úÖÆ£¬²»ÑáÆä·³µÄÐû´«Õâһ˼Ï롣ȱµãÊǹý·ÖÇ¿µ÷Êг¡»úÖÆ£¬Ó÷¢´ï¹ú¼ÒµÄ¾ÑéÇ¿¼ÓÓÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¡£
ËÄ¡¢¼¤½øÖ÷Òå
£¨Ò»£© »ù±¾Ë¼Ïë
1¡¢·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄÂäºóÊÇÒ»¸öÉç»áÀúÊ·ÏÖÏ󣬶ø·Ç×ÔÈ»ÏÖÏ󣬲»ÄÜÓ÷¢´ï¹ú¼ÒģʽÌ×Óõ½·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¡£ÓÉÓÚ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒµÄ³¤Ê±¼äÖ³ÃñͳÖΣ¬µ¼Ö·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄÂäºó¡£
2¡¢Ç¿µ÷·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò²»·¢´ï²»ÊÇÓÉÓÚÄÚ²¿ÔÒò£¬¶øÊÇÓÉÓÚÍⲿÔÒò£¬ÊÇ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò¶Ô·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¾¼Ã³¤ÆÚÒÀ¸½µÄ½á¹û¡£¶ÔÖ³ÃñͳÖξ¼ÃÉϵÄÓ°ÏìÒªÒ»·ÖΪ¶þµÄ¿´´ý£¬¼ÈÒª¿´µ½´Ù½ø¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄÒ»Ã棬ҲҪ¿´µ½×è°ÐÔµÄÒ»Ãæ¡£
3¡¢ÔÚ¹ú¼Ê¹Øϵ·½Ã棬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò±ØÐë¸Ä±ä²»ºÏÀíµÄ¾¼ÃÖÈÐò¡£
£¨¶þ£© ´ú±íÈËÎï
Ö÷Òª¼¯ÖÐÔÚÀÃÀ¹ú¼Ò£¬±ÈÈç°ÍÀ¼£¬°¢Ã÷£¬·ÑÀ¼¿ËµÈ¡£
£¨Èý£© Õþ²ßÖ÷ÕÅ
1¡¢µ÷Õû¹ú¼Ê¾¼ÃÖÈÐò£¬Ìá¸ß·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¹ú¼ÊµØλ¡£
2¡¢½¨Á¢·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒºÍ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄƽµÈ¹Øϵ¡£
3¡¢·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÓÐÒåÎñ°ïÖú·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò·¢Õ¹¾¼Ã¡£
£¨ËÄ£© ÆÀÂÛ
¹ÛµãÆ«¼¤£¬µ«ÂÛÖ¤´Ö²Ú£¬Ã»ÓÐÐγÉϵͳµÄÀíÂÛÌåϵ¡£ÓŵãÊÇÓз´³±Á÷µÄ¾«Éñ£¬Ã÷È·Òª½¨Á¢Æ½µÈ¹ú¼Ò¹ØϵµÄ¹ÛµãÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ¡£