<P>报告基本信息如下：</P>
<P>This document is distributed by the International Organisation for Knowledge Economy and<BR>Enterprise Development (IKED)<BR>IKED is an independent, non-profit association and international organisation focusing on the<BR>emerging issues of the knowledge-based economy.<BR>IKED specialises in activities linking the primary actors forming the knowledge-based economy:<BR>government, industry, academia and civil society. The organisation engages in international<BR>networks, arranges policy forums and policy reviews, and works with partners aiming for reforms and<BR>concrete actions in support of the development and use of knowledge.<BR>_________________________________________________________________<BR>IKED - International Organisation for Knowledge Economy and Enterprise Development<BR>Stortorget 29 Tel: +46 (0) 40 - 17 65 00 <A href="mailto:info@iked.org">info@iked.org</A><BR>S-211 34 Malm&ouml; Fax:+46 (0) 40 - 17 65 01 <A href="http://www.iked.org/">www.iked.org</A><BR>Sweden<BR>ISBN 91-85281-03-4<BR>&copy; IKED 2004<BR>Title: The Cluster Policies Whitebook<BR>Author: Thomas Andersson, Sylvia Schwaag-Serger, Jens S&ouml;rvik,<BR>Emily Wise Hansson<BR>Illustrations: Boyan Kostadinov<BR>Published: August 2004<BR>Publisher: IKED<BR>Printed by: Holmbergs</P>
<P>目录：</P>
<P>PART I<BR>1. INTRODUCTION p.5<BR>1.1 Clusters: The wider context p.5<BR>1.2 Purpose and outline p.9<BR>2. CLUSTER-BASED ECONOMIC PROCESSES: CONCEPTS AND KEY ELEMENTS p.13<BR>2.1 Introduction p.14<BR>2.2 Strands in the literature p.14<BR>2.3 Clusters – structuring the field p.19<BR>2.4 General – specific cluster characteristics p.30<BR>2.5 Innovation p.33<BR>3. THE ROLE OF CLUSTER POLICY p.45<BR>3.1 Introduction p.46<BR>3.2 The scope for spontaneous action p.46<BR>3.3 Cluster policy rationale p.48<BR>3.4 Types of cluster policy p.52<BR>3.5 Cluster policies today p.62<BR>3.6 International policy cooperation p.66<BR>3.7 Related concepts p.67<BR>3.8 Policy implementation p.70<BR>4. FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE p.73<BR>4.1 Introduction p.74<BR>4.2 Clustering p.74<BR>4.2.1 Building social capital and creating trust p.77<BR>4.2.2 Developing strategic linkages p.79<BR>4.2.3 Defining a strategy and vision p.79<BR>4.2.4 Undertaking action p.81<BR>4.3 Actors and competencies p.82<BR>4.3.1 Mapping competencies required in cluster initiatives p.84<BR>4.3.2 Firms p.88<BR>4.3.3 Government / policymakers p.90<BR>4.3.4 Academia p.97<BR>4.3.5 Financial actors p.98<BR>4.3.6 The “clusterpreneurs” and “cluster engineers” p.100<BR>4.3.7 Hybrid or “glue” organisations p.101<BR>4.4 Specific circumstances p.102<BR>4.4.1 Large versus small economies p.102<BR>4.4.2 Centralised versus decentralised government p.104<BR>4.4.3 Economies with primarily large versus small companies p.105<BR>4.4.4 Sectoral differences p.106<BR>4.4.5 Cluster development in rural areas p.107<BR>4.4.6 Developing countries and transition economies p.108<BR>4.5 Evaluation p.116</P>
<P>PART II p.123<BR>MINIFORUMS p.125<BR>1. Building social capital and trust and civic entrepreneurship p.125<BR>2. Benefits of innovative clusters p.129<BR>3. Drivers of biotech clustering p.132<BR>4. Evaluation of cluster performance p.136<BR>5. How is e-business changing clusters and clustering p.140<BR>6. Clusters and regional innovation systems p.144<BR>7. Network of European clusters - a platform for innovation and growth p.148<BR>8. Science parks as boundary crossers p.152<BR>9. From cluster initiatives to microeconomic agendas p.155<BR>10. Can governments catalyze clusters? Examples of government<BR>interventions p.161<BR>11. Collaborative governance - Triple Helix p.166<BR>12. Donor funding of competitiveness initiatives: results to date and future prospects p.170<BR>13. Strategic upgrading through the inflow of FDI p.172<BR>14. Gender is innovative clustering - how to include vast potentials p.174<BR>15. Clustering competencies p.177<BR>LEARNING WORKSHOPS p.181<BR>1. Redefining cluster policy in Emilia-Romagna p.181<BR>2. The consumer electronics cluster in Catalonia p.183<BR>3. From industrial to creative industries’ clusters in Scotland p.185<BR>4. From public to private initiative in the Automotive cluster Styria p.190<BR>5. ACENET - a European Union intercluster initiative p.194<BR>6. New Zealand cluster policy p.197<BR>7. The Arizona optics cluster p.201<BR>8. Australian maritime clusters - experiences and perspective p.204<BR>9. Chihuahua Siglo XXI: lessons learned in a decade of cluster-formation<BR>processes in Latin America p.207<BR>GLOSSARY p.213<BR>REFERENCES p.217<BR>APPENDIX A: PROGRAMME p.237<BR>APPENDIX B: LEARNING WORKSHOP EVALUATION SHEETS p.247<BR>ABOUT THE AUTHORS p.249</P><BR>
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