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This document is distributed by the International Organisation for Knowledge Economy and
Enterprise Development (IKED)
IKED is an independent, non-profit association and international organisation focusing on the
emerging issues of the knowledge-based economy.
IKED specialises in activities linking the primary actors forming the knowledge-based economy:
government, industry, academia and civil society. The organisation engages in international
networks, arranges policy forums and policy reviews, and works with partners aiming for reforms and
concrete actions in support of the development and use of knowledge.
_________________________________________________________________
IKED - International Organisation for Knowledge Economy and Enterprise Development
Stortorget 29 Tel: +46 (0) 40 - 17 65 00 info@iked.org
S-211 34 Malmö Fax:+46 (0) 40 - 17 65 01 www.iked.org
Sweden
ISBN 91-85281-03-4
© IKED 2004
Title: The Cluster Policies Whitebook
Author: Thomas Andersson, Sylvia Schwaag-Serger, Jens Sörvik,
Emily Wise Hansson
Illustrations: Boyan Kostadinov
Published: August 2004
Publisher: IKED
Printed by: Holmbergs
目录：
PART I
1. INTRODUCTION p.5
1.1 Clusters: The wider context p.5
1.2 Purpose and outline p.9
2. CLUSTER-BASED ECONOMIC PROCESSES: CONCEPTS AND KEY ELEMENTS p.13
2.1 Introduction p.14
2.2 Strands in the literature p.14
2.3 Clusters – structuring the field p.19
2.4 General – specific cluster characteristics p.30
2.5 Innovation p.33
3. THE ROLE OF CLUSTER POLICY p.45
3.1 Introduction p.46
3.2 The scope for spontaneous action p.46
3.3 Cluster policy rationale p.48
3.4 Types of cluster policy p.52
3.5 Cluster policies today p.62
3.6 International policy cooperation p.66
3.7 Related concepts p.67
3.8 Policy implementation p.70
4. FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE p.73
4.1 Introduction p.74
4.2 Clustering p.74
4.2.1 Building social capital and creating trust p.77
4.2.2 Developing strategic linkages p.79
4.2.3 Defining a strategy and vision p.79
4.2.4 Undertaking action p.81
4.3 Actors and competencies p.82
4.3.1 Mapping competencies required in cluster initiatives p.84
4.3.2 Firms p.88
4.3.3 Government / policymakers p.90
4.3.4 Academia p.97
4.3.5 Financial actors p.98
4.3.6 The “clusterpreneurs” and “cluster engineers” p.100
4.3.7 Hybrid or “glue” organisations p.101
4.4 Specific circumstances p.102
4.4.1 Large versus small economies p.102
4.4.2 Centralised versus decentralised government p.104
4.4.3 Economies with primarily large versus small companies p.105
4.4.4 Sectoral differences p.106
4.4.5 Cluster development in rural areas p.107
4.4.6 Developing countries and transition economies p.108
4.5 Evaluation p.116
PART II p.123
MINIFORUMS p.125
1. Building social capital and trust and civic entrepreneurship p.125
2. Benefits of innovative clusters p.129
3. Drivers of biotech clustering p.132
4. Evaluation of cluster performance p.136
5. How is e-business changing clusters and clustering p.140
6. Clusters and regional innovation systems p.144
7. Network of European clusters - a platform for innovation and growth p.148
8. Science parks as boundary crossers p.152
9. From cluster initiatives to microeconomic agendas p.155
10. Can governments catalyze clusters? Examples of government
interventions p.161
11. Collaborative governance - Triple Helix p.166
12. Donor funding of competitiveness initiatives: results to date and future prospects p.170
13. Strategic upgrading through the inflow of FDI p.172
14. Gender is innovative clustering - how to include vast potentials p.174
15. Clustering competencies p.177
LEARNING WORKSHOPS p.181
1. Redefining cluster policy in Emilia-Romagna p.181
2. The consumer electronics cluster in Catalonia p.183
3. From industrial to creative industries’ clusters in Scotland p.185
4. From public to private initiative in the Automotive cluster Styria p.190
5. ACENET - a European Union intercluster initiative p.194
6. New Zealand cluster policy p.197
7. The Arizona optics cluster p.201
8. Australian maritime clusters - experiences and perspective p.204
9. Chihuahua Siglo XXI: lessons learned in a decade of cluster-formation
processes in Latin America p.207
GLOSSARY p.213
REFERENCES p.217
APPENDIX A: PROGRAMME p.237
APPENDIX B: LEARNING WORKSHOP EVALUATION SHEETS p.247
ABOUT THE AUTHORS p.249
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