中国人大2024数学分析
### 问题重述
求函数 \( f(x, y, z) = xyz \) 在约束条件
\[
x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \quad \text{和} \quad x + y + z = 0
\]
下的极值。
### 解题思路
这是一个多元函数的条件极值问题,可以通过拉格朗日乘数法来解决。我们需要引入两个拉格朗日乘数 \(\lambda\) 和 \(\mu\),分别对应两个约束条件。
### 拉格朗日函数
构造拉格朗日函数:
\[
\mathcal{L}(x, y, z, \lambda, \mu) = xyz - \lambda (x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 1) - \mu (x + y + z)
\]
### 求偏导并建立方程组
对 \( x, y, z, \lambda, \mu \) 分别求偏导,并令其为零:
\[
\begin{cases}
\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial x} = yz - 2\lambda x - \mu = 0 \quad (1) \\
\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial y} = xz - 2\lambda y - \mu = 0 \quad (2) \\
\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial z} = xy - 2\lambda z - \mu = 0 \quad (3) \\
\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \lambda} = -(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 1) = 0 \quad (4) \\
\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \mu} = -(x + y + z) = 0 \quad (5) \\
\end{cases}
\]
### 解方程组
从方程 (5) 得:
\[
x + y + z = 0
\]
从方程 (1) 和 (2) 相减:
\[
yz - xz - 2\lambda (x - y) = 0 \implies z(y - x) - 2\lambda (x - y) = 0 \implies (z + 2\lambda)(y - x) = 0
\]
因此,要么 \( z = -2\lambda \),要么 \( x = y \)。
类似地,从方程 (2) 和 (3) 相减:
\[
xz - xy - 2\lambda (y - z) = 0 \implies x(z - y) - 2\lambda (y - z) = 0 \implies (x + 2\lambda)(z - y) = 0
\]
因此,要么 \( x = -2\lambda \),要么 \( y = z \)。
#### 情况 1:\( x = y \)
假设 \( x = y \),则由 \( x + y + z = 0 \) 得:
\[
2x + z = 0 \implies z = -2x
\]
将 \( y = x \) 和 \( z = -2x \) 代入约束 \( x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \):
\[
x^2 + x^2 + (-2x)^2 = 1 \implies 6x^2 = 1 \implies x = \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\]
因此,解为:
\[
(x, y, z) = \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \right) \quad \text{或} \quad \left( -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \right)
\]
计算 \( f(x, y, z) \):
\[
f\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \left( -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = -\frac{2}{6\sqrt{6}} = -\frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
\[
f\left( -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} = \frac{2}{6\sqrt{6}} = \frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
#### 情况 2:\( y = z \)
类似地,假设 \( y = z \),则由 \( x + y + z = 0 \) 得:
\[
x + 2y = 0 \implies x = -2y
\]
将 \( x = -2y \) 和 \( z = y \) 代入约束 \( x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \):
\[
(-2y)^2 + y^2 + y^2 = 1 \implies 6y^2 = 1 \implies y = \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\]
因此,解为:
\[
(x, y, z) = \left( -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right) \quad \text{或} \quad \left( \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right)
\]
计算 \( f(x, y, z) \):
\[
f\left( -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} = -\frac{2}{6\sqrt{6}} = -\frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
\[
f\left( \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} = \frac{2}{6\sqrt{6}} = \frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
#### 情况 3:\( x = z \)
类似地,假设 \( x = z \),则由 \( x + y + z = 0 \) 得:
\[
2x + y = 0 \implies y = -2x
\]
将 \( y = -2x \) 和 \( z = x \) 代入约束 \( x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \):
\[
x^2 + (-2x)^2 + x^2 = 1 \implies 6x^2 = 1 \implies x = \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\]
因此,解为:
\[
(x, y, z) = \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right) \quad \text{或} \quad \left( -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right)
\]
计算 \( f(x, y, z) \):
\[
f\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot -\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} = -\frac{2}{6\sqrt{6}} = -\frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
\[
f\left( -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \right) = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \cdot -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} = \frac{2}{6\sqrt{6}} = \frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
### 极值总结
通过以上分析,函数 \( f(x, y, z) = xyz \) 在给定约束下的极值为:
\[
\text{最大值:} \frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}, \quad \text{最小值:} -\frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}
\]
### 验证对称性
注意到 \( f(x, y, z) = xyz \) 是完全对称的,因此极值的绝对值相等,只是符号相反。
### 最终答案
函数 \( f(x, y, z) = xyz \) 在约束 \( x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \) 和 \( x + y + z = 0 \) 下的极值为:
\[
\text{最大值为 } \frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}, \quad \text{最小值为 } -\frac{1}{3\sqrt{6}}.
\]