|
◆ Alchain, Armen A., Harold Demsetz(阿门•阿尔钦、哈罗德•德姆赛茨):《生产、信息成本与经济组织》,《美国经济评论》1972.62(5): 777 795页.
企业在组织生产中的特殊作用是什么?作者认为:企业的特殊作用是测量投入及其产出生产力,并且在生产中配置已有的资源,包括协调许多不同的投入。正是这种现象解释了为什么在市场决定的合同执行过程中,不是所有的合作因素都会发挥作用。企业被创造出来就是要担当剩余索取权利人的角色,因为这样为管理创造了适当的激励。后来许多的思想都是从这一假说中发展而来的。
Alchian, Armen A., and Harold Demsetz . 1972. “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization.” American Economic Review, 62 (5): 777–95.
What is the special role of the firm in organizing production? The authors argue that it is the ability to measure inputs and their productivity and to allocate hired resources in production involving the cooperation of many inputs. It is this phe-nomenon that explains why all cooperation of factors does not take place through market-determined contracts. The firm is made to be the residual claimant because that approach creates the appropriate incentives for management. Many implica-tions of this hypothesis are developed.
◆ Arrow,Kenneth J.(肯尼斯•约瑟夫•阿罗):《不确定性和医疗保健的福利经济学》.” 《美国经济评论》1963, 53(5): 941 73.
本文运用了现代宏观经济学的语言和工具,为医疗保健市场经济学提供了一个思维框架。文章认为:由于消费者面临着不完全保险的风险(在很大程度上是由于道德风险问题所致),并且由于他们缺乏必要的评估风险和治疗的信息和专业知识,所以,医疗保健市场深受市场失灵的困扰。文章假定:治理医疗保健服务的各种制度最好被理解为旨在修正无效率的社会适应。文章也指出:在一些情况下,这些制度性适应会破坏竞争,反过来又导致无效率。尽管本文完成于正式的不对称信息文献之前,但本文预料到了许多直到今天卫生经济学家们仍然关注的中心议题。
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963. “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.” American Economic Review, 53(5): 941–73.
This paper provided a framework for thinking about the economics of the market for medical care using the language and tools of modern microeconomics. It argued that the aforementioned market is beset by market failures because consumers are exposed to risks that are not fully insurable (in large part due to problems of moral hazard ), and because they lack the information and expertise required to assess risks and treatments. It hypothesized that various salient features of the institutions governing the provision of medical care are best understood as social adaptations aimed at redressing the resulting inefficiencies. It also noted that in some cases those institutional adaptations undermine competition and perversely contribute to ineffi-ciency. Though written well prior to the emergence of the formal literature on asym-metric information, the paper anticipated many of the central issues that continue to occupy health economists today.
◆ Cobb, Charles W., Paul H. Douglas(查尔斯•柯布、保罗•道格拉斯):《生产理论》,《美国经济评论》1928,18(1): 139 65.
俗话说,好东西不用多说,这篇文章用不着做过多的介绍。柯布-道格拉斯函数使用的方便性和弹性不变性,已经使得该函数从最初的代表生产可能性扩展到了代表性效用函数,并且更广泛地延伸到了整个经验和理论经济学。柯布和道格拉斯探讨了该函数的基本性质和意义,并且指出了总收入中劳动和资本相对份额近似恒定这一经验验证的事实。
Cobb, Charles W., and Paul H. Douglas. 1928. “A Theory of Production.” American Economic Review, 18(1): 139–65.
The cliché surely applies here: this paper needs no introduction. The convenience and success of the constant-elasticity Cobb-Douglas function has spread its use from representing production possibilities, which was of course its original use, to representing utility functions and to much else throughout empirical and theoretical economics. Cobb and Douglas explored the elementary properties and implications of the functional form, and pointed to the approximate constancy of the relative shares of labor and capital in total income as the validating empirical fact.
◆ Deaton, Angus S., John Muellbauer(安格斯•迪顿、约翰•米尔鲍尔): 《近乎完美的需求系统模型》,《美国经济评论轮》1980,70(3): 312 26
应用计量经济学领域有大量的研究分析了特定产品的需求以及改变市场均衡的公共和私人政策对消费者产生的影响。本论文,以柯布-道格拉斯、斯通和高曼的传统为基础,引入了一个与偏好最大化一致的需求等式的实践系统,该系统具有足够的灵活性,支持对消费者产生影响的政策进行全面的福利分析。迪顿-米尔鲍尔体系现在是有关消费者需求的经验分析的标准。
Deaton, Angus S., and John Muellbauer. 1980. “An Almost Ideal Demand System.” American Economic Review, 70 (3): 312–26.
A vast industry in applied econometrics analyzes the demand for specific prod-ucts, and the impact on consumers of public and private policies that alter market equilibrium. This paper, building on the traditions of Cobb-Douglas, Stone, and Gorman, introduces a practical system of demand equations that are consistent with preference maximization and have sufficient flexibility to support full welfare analy-sis of policies that have an impact on consumers. The Deaton-Muellbauer system is now the standard for empirical analysis of consumer demand.
◆ Diamond, Peter A.(彼得•戴梦德):《新古典增长模型中的国家债务》,《美国经济评论》1965, 55(5): 1126 50.
在Paul Samuelson(保罗•萨缪尔森)有关消费贷款和几代人关系的开创性研究基础上,本文率先分析了包含耐用资本品的世代交叠模型。本文通过两个重要的贡献指明了这种模型的如下特征:第一,它证明了无限期界的世代交叠模型的竞争均衡可能是无效的,甚至是在没有传统的市场失灵的情况下;第二,它确定了外部和内部债务可以潜在地减少资本存量的机制。在澄清个人投资组合中用ZF债务取代物质资本的一般均衡影响时,它解答了长期以来争论的一个问题,即:使用内部债务将公共支出的负担转移给子孙后代是否可行?
Diamond, Peter A. 1965. “National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model.” American Economic Review, 55(5): 1126–50.
Building on Paul Samuelson’s seminal work concerning consumption loans between individuals of different generations, this paper pioneered the analysis of overlapping generations ( OLG) models with durable capital goods. It illumi -nated the properties of such models through two fundamental contributions. First, it demonstrated that the competitive equilibria of infinite horizon OLG models can be inefficient, even in the absence of conventional market failures. Second, it identified the mechanisms through which both external and internal debt can potentially reduce the capital stock. In clarifying the general equilibrium effects of displacing physical capital with government debt in individuals’ portfolios, it resolved a long-standing debate concerning the feasibility of using internal debt to shift the burden of paying for public expenditures to future generations.
◆ Diamond, Peter A., James A. Mirrlees(彼得•戴梦德、詹姆斯•莫里斯):《最优税收与公共生产:生产效率》,《美国经济评论》1971,61(1): 8 27.
Diamond, Peter A., James A. Mirrlees(彼得•戴梦德、詹姆斯•莫里斯):《最优税收与公共生产:租税法则》,《美国经济评论》,1971. 61(3): 261 78
本论文分为两个部分,它是在分配和私人生产存在次优限制情况下最优税收和公共生产理论的基础。戴梦得和莫里斯阐明了税收体系如何才能使市场扭曲和去激励因素达到最少,以及如何消除生产的无效率。将税收制度与严格的微观经济分析结合起来,本论文开了税收机制设计和税负最小化研究的先河。
Diamond, Peter A., and James A. Mirrlees. 1971. “Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: Production Efficiency.” American Economic Review, 61 (1): 8–27.
Diamond, Peter A., and James A. Mirrlees. 1971. “Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules.” American Economic Review, 61 (3): 261–78.
This paper, in two parts, is the foundation of the theory of optimal taxation and public production in the presence of second-best limitations on redistribution and private production. Diamond and Mirrlees show how the tax system can be tuned to minimize distortions and disincentives, and eliminate production inef -ficiencies. By subjecting tax systems to rigorous microeconomic analysis, this paper opened research on tax mechanism design and minimization of the burden of taxes.
◆ Dixit, Avinash K., Joseph E. STiglitz(阿维纳什•迪克西特、约瑟夫•斯蒂格利茨):《垄断竞争和最优的产品多样化》,《美国经济评论》,1977,67(3): 297 308
在差异化产品的垄断竞争和每一种产品规模收益递增情况下,产品差异化是过多还是过少了?本文运用微观经济学的经典工具回答了这一问题,并且,对这一问题的回答构成了整篇文献的基石。文章认为:产品的数量和性质是内生的,并且可以运用一般均衡福利分析来检验多样性的后果。
Dixit, Avinash K., and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 1977. “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity.” American Economic Review, 67 (3): 297–308.
Under monopolistic competition with differentiated goods and increasing returns to scale in each good, is there too much or too little product differentiation? This paper uses classical tools of microeconomics to answer this question, and in doing so, provides the foundation for an entire literature in which products are endogenous in number and attributes, and general equilibrium welfare analysis can be used to examine the consequences of tastes for variety.
|