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[公告] 《美国经济评论》创刊100年来的20篇(+1英文概要+1中文概要)最佳文章 [推广有奖]

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cysb081 发表于 2013-1-29 20:04:12 |AI写论文

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AEA TOP20 2.rar (31.56 MB) 本附件包括:
  • 20 Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to Be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends..pdf
  • 01 Production Information Costs and Economic Organization.pdf
  • 02 Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.pdf
  • 03 A Theory of Production.pdf
  • 04 An almost Ideal demand system.pdf
  • 05 National debt in a neoclassical growth model.pdf
  • 06-1 Optimal Taxation and Public Production I Production Efficiency..PDF
  • 06-2 Optimal Taxation and Public Production II Tax Rules.PDF
  • 07 Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity.pdf
  • 08 The role of monetary policy.pdf
  • 09 On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets.pdf
  • 10 migration unemployment and development a two-sector analysis.pdf
  • 11 the use of knowledge in society.pdf
  • 12 Capital Theory and Investment Behavior.pdf
  • 13 The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.pdf
  • 14 Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade.pdf
  • 15 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INCOME INEQUALITY.pdf
  • 16 Some International Evidence on Output-Inflation Tradeoffs.pdf
  • 17 The Cost Of Capital Corporation Finance And The Theory Of Investment.pdf
  • 18 A theory of optimum currency areas.pdf
  • 19 The Economic Theory of Agency The Principal_s Problem .pdf
  • 100 Years of the American Economic Review ..The Top 20 Articles.pdf
  • 《美国经济评论》创刊100年来的20篇最佳文章.pdf



备注:此TOP20文章,https://bbs.pinggu.org/thread-1349529-1-1.html也发表过。
我的多了两篇概要(1中+1英),售价也比较低(我没论坛币啊,好多资源下载不了啊....)
希望我的这个帖子能过,让需要的人多一个下载的途径。

由Kenneth J. Arrow, B. Douglas Bernheim, Martin S. Feldstein, Daniel L. McFadden, James M. Poterba 和 Robert M. Solow组成的20佳文章评选委员会,受Robert Moffitt的委命,负责评选《美国经济评论》创刊100年以来所刊发的最优秀的20篇文章。



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关键词:美国经济评论 国经济评论 最佳文章 美国经济 经济评论 美国经济评论 最佳文章

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cysb081 发表于 2013-1-29 20:05:07
◆ Alchain, Armen A., Harold Demsetz(阿门•阿尔钦、哈罗德•德姆赛茨):《生产、信息成本与经济组织》,《美国经济评论》1972.62(5): 777 795页.
企业在组织生产中的特殊作用是什么?作者认为:企业的特殊作用是测量投入及其产出生产力,并且在生产中配置已有的资源,包括协调许多不同的投入。正是这种现象解释了为什么在市场决定的合同执行过程中,不是所有的合作因素都会发挥作用。企业被创造出来就是要担当剩余索取权利人的角色,因为这样为管理创造了适当的激励。后来许多的思想都是从这一假说中发展而来的。
Alchian, Armen A.,  and  Harold  Demsetz .  1972.  “Production,  Information  Costs, and Economic Organization.” American Economic Review, 62 (5): 777–95.
What is the special role of the firm in organizing production? The authors argue that  it  is  the  ability  to  measure  inputs  and  their  productivity  and  to  allocate  hired resources  in  production  involving  the  cooperation  of  many  inputs.  It  is  this  phe-nomenon that explains why all cooperation of factors does not take place through market-determined contracts. The firm is made to be the residual claimant because that  approach  creates  the  appropriate  incentives  for  management.  Many  implica-tions of this hypothesis are developed.

◆ Arrow,Kenneth J.(肯尼斯•约瑟夫•阿罗):《不确定性和医疗保健的福利经济学》.” 《美国经济评论》1963, 53(5): 941 73.
本文运用了现代宏观经济学的语言和工具,为医疗保健市场经济学提供了一个思维框架。文章认为:由于消费者面临着不完全保险的风险(在很大程度上是由于道德风险问题所致),并且由于他们缺乏必要的评估风险和治疗的信息和专业知识,所以,医疗保健市场深受市场失灵的困扰。文章假定:治理医疗保健服务的各种制度最好被理解为旨在修正无效率的社会适应。文章也指出:在一些情况下,这些制度性适应会破坏竞争,反过来又导致无效率。尽管本文完成于正式的不对称信息文献之前,但本文预料到了许多直到今天卫生经济学家们仍然关注的中心议题。
Arrow,  Kenneth  J. 1963.  “Uncertainty  and  the  Welfare  Economics  of  Medical Care.”  American Economic Review, 53(5): 941–73.
This paper provided a framework for thinking about the economics of the market for medical care using the language and tools of modern microeconomics. It argued that the aforementioned market is beset by market failures because consumers are exposed to risks that are not fully insurable  (in large part due to problems of moral hazard ),  and  because  they  lack  the  information  and  expertise  required  to  assess risks and treatments. It hypothesized that various salient features of the institutions governing the provision of medical care are best understood as social adaptations aimed at redressing the resulting inefficiencies. It also noted that in some cases those institutional adaptations undermine competition and perversely contribute to ineffi-ciency. Though written well prior to the emergence of the formal literature on asym-metric information, the paper anticipated many of the central issues that continue to occupy health economists today.

◆ Cobb, Charles W., Paul H. Douglas(查尔斯•柯布、保罗•道格拉斯):《生产理论》,《美国经济评论》1928,18(1): 139 65.
俗话说,好东西不用多说,这篇文章用不着做过多的介绍。柯布-道格拉斯函数使用的方便性和弹性不变性,已经使得该函数从最初的代表生产可能性扩展到了代表性效用函数,并且更广泛地延伸到了整个经验和理论经济学。柯布和道格拉斯探讨了该函数的基本性质和意义,并且指出了总收入中劳动和资本相对份额近似恒定这一经验验证的事实。
Cobb, Charles W., and Paul H. Douglas. 1928. “A Theory of Production.” American Economic Review, 18(1): 139–65.
The cliché surely applies here: this paper needs no introduction. The convenience and  success  of  the  constant-elasticity  Cobb-Douglas  function  has  spread  its  use from representing production possibilities, which was of course its original use, to representing utility functions and to much else throughout empirical and theoretical economics. Cobb and Douglas explored the elementary properties and implications of  the  functional  form,  and  pointed  to  the  approximate  constancy  of  the  relative shares of labor and capital in total income as the validating empirical fact.

◆ Deaton, Angus S., John Muellbauer(安格斯•迪顿、约翰•米尔鲍尔): 《近乎完美的需求系统模型》,《美国经济评论轮》1980,70(3): 312 26
应用计量经济学领域有大量的研究分析了特定产品的需求以及改变市场均衡的公共和私人政策对消费者产生的影响。本论文,以柯布-道格拉斯、斯通和高曼的传统为基础,引入了一个与偏好最大化一致的需求等式的实践系统,该系统具有足够的灵活性,支持对消费者产生影响的政策进行全面的福利分析。迪顿-米尔鲍尔体系现在是有关消费者需求的经验分析的标准。
Deaton, Angus S., and John Muellbauer.  1980. “An Almost Ideal Demand System.” American Economic Review, 70 (3): 312–26.
A vast industry in applied econometrics analyzes the demand for specific prod-ucts, and the impact on consumers of public and private policies that alter market equilibrium.  This  paper,  building  on  the  traditions  of  Cobb-Douglas,  Stone,  and Gorman, introduces a practical system of demand equations that are consistent with preference maximization and have sufficient flexibility to support full welfare analy-sis of policies that have an impact on consumers. The Deaton-Muellbauer system is now the standard for empirical analysis of consumer demand.

◆ Diamond, Peter A.(彼得•戴梦德):《新古典增长模型中的国家债务》,《美国经济评论》1965,  55(5): 1126 50.  
在Paul Samuelson(保罗•萨缪尔森)有关消费贷款和几代人关系的开创性研究基础上,本文率先分析了包含耐用资本品的世代交叠模型。本文通过两个重要的贡献指明了这种模型的如下特征:第一,它证明了无限期界的世代交叠模型的竞争均衡可能是无效的,甚至是在没有传统的市场失灵的情况下;第二,它确定了外部和内部债务可以潜在地减少资本存量的机制。在澄清个人投资组合中用ZF债务取代物质资本的一般均衡影响时,它解答了长期以来争论的一个问题,即:使用内部债务将公共支出的负担转移给子孙后代是否可行?
Diamond,  Peter  A.  1965.  “National  Debt  in  a  Neoclassical  Growth  Model.” American Economic Review, 55(5): 1126–50.
Building  on  Paul  Samuelson’s  seminal  work  concerning  consumption  loans between  individuals  of  different  generations,  this  paper  pioneered  the  analysis of overlapping generations ( OLG)  models with durable capital goods. It illumi -nated the properties of such models through two fundamental contributions. First, it  demonstrated  that  the  competitive  equilibria  of  infinite  horizon  OLG  models can  be  inefficient,  even  in  the  absence  of  conventional  market  failures.  Second, it  identified  the  mechanisms  through  which  both  external  and  internal  debt  can potentially reduce the capital stock. In clarifying the general equilibrium effects of displacing physical capital with government debt in individuals’ portfolios, it resolved a long-standing debate concerning the feasibility of using internal debt to shift the burden of paying for public expenditures to future generations.

◆ Diamond, Peter A., James A. Mirrlees(彼得•戴梦德、詹姆斯•莫里斯):《最优税收与公共生产:生产效率》,《美国经济评论》1971,61(1): 8 27.
Diamond, Peter A., James A. Mirrlees(彼得•戴梦德、詹姆斯•莫里斯):《最优税收与公共生产:租税法则》,《美国经济评论》,1971. 61(3): 261 78
本论文分为两个部分,它是在分配和私人生产存在次优限制情况下最优税收和公共生产理论的基础。戴梦得和莫里斯阐明了税收体系如何才能使市场扭曲和去激励因素达到最少,以及如何消除生产的无效率。将税收制度与严格的微观经济分析结合起来,本论文开了税收机制设计和税负最小化研究的先河。
Diamond,  Peter A.,  and  James A.  Mirrlees.   1971.  “Optimal  Taxation  and  Public Production I: Production Efficiency.” American Economic Review, 61 (1): 8–27.
Diamond,  Peter A.,  and  James A.  Mirrlees.   1971.  “Optimal  Taxation  and  Public Production II: Tax Rules.”  American Economic Review, 61 (3): 261–78.
This  paper,  in  two  parts,  is  the  foundation  of  the  theory  of  optimal  taxation and public production in the presence of second-best limitations on redistribution and private production. Diamond and Mirrlees show how the tax system can be tuned  to  minimize  distortions  and  disincentives,  and  eliminate  production  inef -ficiencies.  By  subjecting  tax  systems  to  rigorous  microeconomic  analysis,  this paper opened research on tax mechanism design and minimization of the burden of taxes.

◆ Dixit, Avinash K., Joseph E. STiglitz(阿维纳什•迪克西特、约瑟夫•斯蒂格利茨):《垄断竞争和最优的产品多样化》,《美国经济评论》,1977,67(3): 297 308
在差异化产品的垄断竞争和每一种产品规模收益递增情况下,产品差异化是过多还是过少了?本文运用微观经济学的经典工具回答了这一问题,并且,对这一问题的回答构成了整篇文献的基石。文章认为:产品的数量和性质是内生的,并且可以运用一般均衡福利分析来检验多样性的后果。
Dixit, Avinash  K.,  and  Joseph  E.  Stiglitz.   1977.  “Monopolistic  Competition  and Optimum Product Diversity.”  American Economic Review, 67 (3): 297–308.
Under monopolistic competition with differentiated goods and increasing returns to scale in each good, is there too much or too little product differentiation? This paper uses classical tools of microeconomics to answer this question, and in doing so, provides the foundation for an entire literature in which products are endogenous in number and attributes, and general equilibrium welfare analysis can be used to examine the consequences of tastes for variety.

藤椅
cysb081 发表于 2013-1-29 20:05:45

◆ Friedman, Milton(米尔顿•弗里德曼):《货币政策的作用》,《美国经济评论》,1968,58(1): 1 17.
这是一篇总统就职演说,它是 “垂直的菲利普斯曲线”以及Edmund S. Phelps当代发表的论文的源头。文章提出了自然失业率与实际的和预期的通胀率持续并存的思想。在只允许对失业和通胀做出临时权衡的情况下,这为得出“菲利普斯期限从长期来看是垂直的”这一结论奠定了基础。这一思想对宏观政策——特别是货币政策的实施可能会产生影响。在这篇文章的基础上出现了大量的研究和讨论。
Friedman,  Milton.  1968.  “The  Role  of  Monetary  Policy.”  American  Economic Review, 58(1): 1–17.
This  presidential  address  is  the  origin  of  the  “vertical  long-run  Phillips  curve,” along with a contemporary paper by Edmund S. Phelps. It introduced the idea of a “natural” rate of unemployment as the only rate compatible with the sustained coin-cidence of actual and expected rates of inflation. This is the basis of the conclusion that the Phillips curve is vertical in the long run, allowing only a temporary trade-off between unemployment and inflation. From this followed possible implications forthe conduct of macro-policy, especially monetary policy. An enormous amount of research and discussion followed.

◆ Grossman, Sanford J., Joseph E. Stiglitz(桑福德•格罗斯曼、约瑟夫•斯蒂格利茨): 《论信息有效市场的不可能性》, 《美国经济评论》1980 70(3): 393 408.
正如许多学者所指出的那样,在一个信息分散的世界里,对市场参与者来说,均衡价格本身通常就是信息来源,因为它包含了其他参与者所拥有的任何信息。格罗斯曼和斯蒂格利茨考察了可以以一定成本获得信息的情况。如果存在均衡,一些人将会选择得到信息,而另一些人相反——这两种行为的过程必定是没什么联系的(这需要对人们的风险厌恶特征及其异质性做特殊的假定)。特别是,如果一些个体可以以有限的成本获得完美信息,则均衡便不存在。因为,如果一些人获得了信息,这些信息就会在价格中得到反映,其他人就会无成本地获得信息;而假如没有人获得信息,那么获得信息的任何人都可以得到回报。
Grossman,  Sanford  J.,  and  Joseph  E.  Stiglitz.  1980.  “On  the  Impossibility  of Informationally Efficient Markets.”  American Economic Review, 70 (3): 393–408.
As pointed out by a number of scholars, in a world of dispersed information, the equilibrium  price  will  itself  in  general  be  a  source  of  information  to  participants, since  it  incorporates  whatever  information  other  participants  have.  Grossman  and Stiglitz examine the implication for the case where information can be acquired at a cost. If there is an equilibrium, some will choose to get informed and others not; the two courses of action must be indifferent.  (Very special assumptions are made about the risk aversion characteristics of the population and about its heterogeneity. ) In particular, if some individuals can acquire perfect information at a finite cost, then no equilibrium exists, since, if information is acquired by some, it will be reflected in the price and so can be acquired costlessly by others, while if no one acquires information, it will pay any individual to acquire it.

◆Harris, John R., Michael P. Todaro( 约翰•哈里斯、迈克尔•托达罗):《迁移、失业和发展:两个部门的分析》《美国经济评论》,1970 60(1): 126 42
这篇被广泛引用的论文一开始就提出了一个难题,即:在贫穷的发展中国家,即使在农村地区可能还有正的边际产品,而在城市地区则面临很大的失业可能性,个人也会从农村地区迁移到城市地区。如何解释这一令人困惑的现象?文章首先指出了在城市地区存在由政治因素决定的最低工资,这样就会阻止工资的调整,从而使迁移到城市的人得不到充分就业。农村和城市之间潜在工人的均衡分布处于农业劳动力的边际产品到城市区域的期望工资之间,也就是工资产品和就业的概率。
Harris,  John  R.,  and  Michael  P.  Todaro.   1970.  “Migration,  Unemployment  and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis.”  American Economic Review, 60 (1): 126–42.
This widely cited paper starts with the puzzle that in poor developing countries one  observes  individuals  migrating  from  agricultural  areas  to  urban  areas,  even though they would have positive marginal product in agriculture but face a substan -tial probability of unemployment in the urban area. The first step in the explanation is to note that there are politically determined minimum wages in the urban areas that  prevent  wages  from  adjusting  to  achieve  full  employment  for  all  those  who come to the urban areas. The equilibrium distribution of potential workers between the rural and urban areas equates the marginal product of labor in agriculture to the expected wage in the urban area, i.e., the product of the wage and the probability of employment.

◆ Hayek, F. A.(哈耶克):《知识在社会中的应用》《美国经济评论》1945,35(4): 519 30.  
作者论述了经济系统性质的基本问题,特别是论述了当存在大量的人口、而基本知识仅为一小部分人所掌握时,它们在处理资源分配问题时的作用。需要的基本知识包括消费者的估价、生产关系以及资源的可用性的相关知识。特别是,一般的科学原则(专家在这方面的观点可能是最好的)则仅仅是知识基础的一小部分。作者指出:为了资源使用的协调性和有效性,价格体系是重要的,但这并不意味着在中心地区不可能实现信息的积累。
Hayek,  F.  A.  1945.  “The  Use  of  Knowledge  in  Society.”  American  Economic Review, 35(4): 519–30.
The  author  addresses  the  fundamental  question  of  the  nature  of  the  economic system and, in particular, its role in dealing with resource allocation when a fun -damental  knowledge  base  is  distributed  in  small  bits  among  a  large  population. The  knowledge  needed  includes  consumer  valuations,  production  relations,  and resource  availabilities.  In  particular,  general  scientific  principles,  where  expert opinion  might  be  best,  are  only  a  small  part  of  the  knowledge  base.  The  author argues  for  the  importance  of  a  price  system  in  achieving  coordination  and  effi -ciency in resource use without implying an impossible aggregation of information in a central place.

◆ Jorgenson, Dale W.(戴尔•乔根森):《资本理论与投资行为》《美国经济评论》1963,53(2): 247 59.
本文基于最优资本积累的新古典理论,为投资行为提供了一个理论框架。文章认为:资本的使用者成本是融资成本(利率和股本收益率)和租税法则(税率、折旧计划)综合的关键变量;并且,将此使用者成本指标与柯布-道格拉斯生产技术结合就能得到所需的资本存量。然后,乔根森运用结论得出的隐含最优资本存量导出了投资的计量经济方程。乔根森框架的推广(比如应用于更一般的生产函数)使得其成为经验研究中投资决定因素的标准方法。资本的使用者成本也成为有关替代税收规则影响的理论研究的关键概念。
Jorgenson,  Dale W.  1963.  “Capital Theory  and  Investment  Behavior.”  American Economic Review, 53(2): 247–59.
This paper provided a theoretical framework for investment behavior based on a neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation. The paper introduced the user cost of capital as the key variable that combines the cost of finance  (interest rates and equity yields ) and tax rules  (tax rates, depreciation schedules) and combined this  user  cost  measure  with  the  Cobb-Douglas  production  technology  to  obtain  a desired  stock  of  capital.  Jorgenson  then  used  the  resulting  implied  optimal  capi-tal stock to derive an econometric equation for investment. Generalizations of the Jorgenson framework  (e.g., to allow for more general production functions) made this the standard approach to the empirical study of the determinants of investment. The user cost of capital also became the key concept for the theoretical study of the effects of alternative tax rules.
◆ Krueger, Anne O.(克鲁格•安妮):《寻租社会的政治经济学》,《美国经济评论》1974,64(3): 291 303.
许多ZF政策——例如发展中国家的进口许可证政策,为一些市场参与者创造了租金。尽管学者们很早就注意到了这种租金及其对市场造成的扭曲,但是本文指出了“寻租行为”的重要性,并且探讨了其福利含义。本文的主要发现在于:竞争性的寻租会增加政策(比如贸易限制政策)的福利成本。就进口限制政策来说,该结果意味着应该加强关税政策的使用而减少进口配额,因为配额可能会产生寻租行为。为了实现特定的目标,ZF会对政策工具进行选择。本文通过探讨寻租行为的重要性并且为它们的福利成本提供分析框架,扩展了对ZF政策工具选择的分析。
Krueger, Anne  O.  1974.  “The  Political  Economy  of  the  Rent-Seeking  Society.” American Economic Review, 64 (3): 291–303.
Many  government  policies,  such  as  import  licenses  in  developing  nations, create rents for some market participants. While the presence of such rents and the  distortions  that  they  create  have  long  been  noted,  this  paper  recognized  the importance of “rent-seeking behavior” and explored its welfare implications. The paper’s central finding is that competitive rent-seeking increases the welfare costs of  policies  such  as  trade  restrictions.  In  the  context  of  import  restrictions,  this result strengthens the case for the use of tariffs rather than import quotas, since quotas create the possibility of rent-seeking behavior. By identifying the impor -tance  of  rent-seeking  activities  and  providing  a  framework  for  analyzing  their welfare  costs,  this  paper  expanded  the  economic  analysis  of  the  government’s choice of policy instrument to achieve particular goals. It also helped to launch a voluminous literature on the role of corruption and governance in the process of economic development.

板凳
cysb081 发表于 2013-1-29 20:06:32
◆ Krugman, Paul(鲍尔•克鲁格曼):《规模经济、产品差异化和贸易方式》,《美
国经济评论》,1980,70(5): 950 59.
由比较优势决定的对外贸易经典理论无法解释一些重要的现象,例如,大量进口和出口贸易都发生在同一产业内,并且国家倾向于出口本国国内消费比较多的商品。克鲁格曼考察了收益递增情况下对外贸易的决定因素。他假设国家间的生产条件是无差异的,价格是由无成本产品差异化的不完全竞争所决定的。运用简单的模型,他确定了对外贸易的决定因素。当引入运输成本后,他认为每一个国家将会进行专业化生产,因此没有两个国家会生产同样的商品。大国的贸易条件会变得有利,并且该国的工资会比较高。在单一产业内允许多样性存在,对模型进行扩展,从中可以看出产业间贸易会出现,并且国家将倾向于出口那些国内需求最高的产品。
Krugman, Paul.  1980. “Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade.” American Economic Review, 70 (5): 950–59.
The classical theory that foreign trade is determined by comparative advantage fails to explain some important observations, for example, that there is consider -able  trade  in  both  directions  within  what  is  usually  regarded  as  a  single  indus -try,  and  that  countries  tend  to  export  goods  for  which  the  domestic  demand  is higher. Krugman investigates the determination of foreign trade under increasing returns;  he  assumes  no  difference  in  production  conditions  between  countries. Prices are determined by imperfect competition with costless product differentia -tion. Using simple models, he formalizes foreign trade. When transport costs are introduced, he shows that each country will specialize, so no two will produce the same goods. The larger country will have terms of trade turned in its favor, and wages will be higher there. Some extensions of the model allow varieties within a single industry. It can then be shown that intra-industry trade can emerge and that countries will tend to export those commodities for which the domestic demand is highest.

◆ Kuznet, Simon(西蒙•库兹涅茨):《经济增长与收入不平等》,《美国经济评论》,1955,45(1): 1 28.
发展中国家的数据表明:由于在规模比较小、却又正在成长的现代部门工作的人,其收入比那些仍然留在农业部门或者进行其它生计活动的人高。在经济发展的早期,发展中国家会倾向于呈现出收入不平等加剧的特征。然后,当不平等程度达到峰值后,随着经济的进一步发展,收入不平等会减少,因为现代部门主宰了经济;并且,如果现代部门可以为再分配活动创造空间的话,这些部门可能发展得更好。由此产生的“库兹涅茨曲线”(Kuznets Curve)已经成为发展经济学领域内许多经验研究和讨论的主题。
Kuznets,  Simon.  1955.  “Economic  Growth  and  Income  Inequality.”  American Economic Review, 45(1): 1–28.
Data  from  developing  economies  indicate  that  the  earlier  phases  of  economic development  tend  to  be  characterized  by  increasing  income  inequality,  as  those engaged  in  the  small  but  growing  modern  sector  of  the  economy  pull  away  from those still left in agriculture and other subsistence activities. The degree of inequal-ity reaches a peak, however, and then diminishes with further development, as the modern  sector  comes  to  dominate  the  economy  and  perhaps  more  so  if  it  creates room for redistributive activity. The resulting “Kuznets curve” has been the subject of much empirical research and discussion within development economics.

◆ Lucas, Robert E.,Jr.(小罗伯特•卢卡斯):《“产出-膨胀”两难的一些国际证据》,《美国经济评论》1973,63(3): 326 34
本文介绍了一个严谨而程式化的模型,该模型中,市场的参与者不知道如何回答下列问题,即:本地价格的变化到底是相对价格的变化、还是仅反映了一般物价水平的变化?在此情况下,他们必须做出决策。然而他们却知道这两种变化的统计特性。在此基础上构建了一个自然率模型,在模型中,与总支出中外部转移相对应的实际产出对价格水平的变化率由这些过程的相对差异来确定。对许多国家跨部门的时间序列数据的验证,提供了与基本结论相一致的微弱证据。虽然本文中基本的假设已经不再受人追捧,但其建模技术却非常有影响力。
Lucas,  Robert  E.,  Jr.  1973.  “Some  International  Evidence  on  Output-Inflation Tradeoffs.”  American Economic Review, 63 (3): 326–34.
This article introduces a tight but stylized model in which market participants must make decisions without knowing whether local changes in price signal changes in relative price or merely reflect changes in the general price level; they do, however, know the statistical properties of both processes. From this basis emerges a natural-rate model in which the ratio of real-output change to price-level change in response to  exogenous  shifts  in  aggregate  expenditure  depends  on  the  relative  variance  of those processes. Time-series cross-section data for a number of countries provide some weak evidence consistent with the basic conclusion. The underlying assump-tion has gone out of favor, but the modeling technique has been very influential.

◆ Modigliani, Franco, Merton H. Miller(弗兰克•莫迪利安尼、莫顿•米勒): 《资本成本、公司财务和投资理论》,《美国经济评论》1958,48(3): 261 97
公司财务的一个中心问题是:一家企业的财务选择——比如使用债务而非股权融资——对其资本成本以及后续的投资行为会产生什么样的影响?本文为处理这一问题发展了一个新的框架,它提出了这样一个问题,即:不同的债务-股权选择,会如何影响企业提供给投资者——无论是债券投资者、还是股票投资者——的现金流的市场价值。本文的中心结果是:在资本市场完全并且不存在税收导致的扭曲的情况下,一家企业的总市值不受其借贷行为的影响。这一有力的结果可以得到建设性的证明,即:可以开发一套股权投资者直接进行借贷的交易体系来抵消企业借款变化所带来的后果。本文的分析方法是现代金融经济学领域的核心基础。
Modigliani, Franco, and Merton H. Miller. 1958. “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment.”  American Economic Review, 48(3): 261–97.
A  central  question  in  corporate  finance  is  how  a  firm’s  financial  choices,  such as its use of debt rather than equity financing, affect its cost of capital and conse-quently its investment behavior. This paper developed a new framework for address-ing this question by asking how different debt-equity choices would affect the total market  value  of  all  of  the  cash  flows  that  the  firm  provided  to  its  investors,  both bond-holders and stock-holders. The paper’s central result is that, in a setting with complete  capital  markets  and  in  the  absence  of  tax-induced  distortions,  a  firm’s total market value is invariant to its borrowing behavior. This powerful result can be demonstrated constructively, by developing a straightforward set of borrowing or lending transactions that an equity investor can undertake to offset the consequences of changes in corporate borrowing. The analytical approach in this paper is one of the key foundations for the modern field of financial economics.

◆ Mundell, Robert A.(罗伯特•蒙代尔):《最优货币区域理论》,《美国经济评论》,1961,51(4): 657 65
本文讨论了当成为单一货币选择最优的区域时需要综合考虑的两方面因素。如果货币区域内部要素流动性比跨国要素流动性高,那么宏观经济稳定性就得到增强。就其本身来讲,这会导致超大规模的货币区域;从另一方面讲,这样既会存在大量的交易成本,也会涉及跨国采购的大量费用。最优的货币区域选择需要权衡考虑这两方面的因素。在欧元诞生30年前,蒙代尔就已经论述了这一理论对欧洲国家的潜在意义。
Mundell,  Robert  A.  1961.  “A  Theory  of  Optimum  Currency  Areas.”  American Economic Review, 51(4): 657–65.
This  paper  explains  that  selecting  the  optimal  geographic  area  for  a  single  cur-rency involves balancing two considerations. Macroeconomic stability is enhanced if  the  currency  area  has  a  high  degree  of  internal  factor  mobility  relative  to  the cross-border factor mobility. Taken by itself, this could lead to an excessively largenumber of currency areas, in the sense that there would be substantial transaction costs and valuation costs involved in making cross-area purchases. The optimal size of a currency area involves balancing these two considerations. Mundell discussed the potential application of this to the European countries some 30 years before the euro was introduced.

◆ Ross, Stephen A.( 斯蒂芬•罗斯):《代理的经济学理论:委托人的问题》,《美国经济评论》1973,63(2): 134 39
这篇论文首次描述和分析了具有道德危险的委托代理理论,因此成为了微观经济理论的基石。它运用一阶方法提出了最优补偿方案,并将之与最优安排进行了对比。文章指出:两者之间的偏离产生的原因,通常是由于委托人有对代理人进行刺激的需要。表示委托人解决方案是最优的效用函数的类别与收益结构无关,解决方案是最优的收益结构的类型也与效用函数无关。论文虽然很短小,但其预计到了后来的文献将关注的许多中心问题。
Ross,  Stephen  A.  1973.  “The  Economic  Theory  of  Agency:  The  Principal’s Problem.” American Economic Review, 63 (2): 134–39.
This  paper  was  the  first  to  describe  and  analyze  the  canonical  principal-agent problem  with  moral  hazard,  which  has  since  become  a  cornerstone  of  microeco-nomic theory. It solved for the optimal compensation scheme using the first-order approach, and compared the solution to the first-best arrangement, noting that the two generally diverge due to the principal’s need to motivate the agent. It charac-terized the class of utility functions for which the principal’s solution is first-best optimal regardless of the payoff structure, as well as the class of payoff structures for which the solution is first-best optimal regardless of the utility functions. In only a  handful  of  terse  pages,  it  anticipated  many  of  the  central  issues  with  which  the subsequent literature was concerned.

报纸
cysb081 发表于 2013-1-29 20:07:02
◆ Shiller, Robert J.(罗伯特•席勒):《股票价格的过度运动能被随后的红利变化所证明吗?》《美国经济评论》1981 ,71(3): 421 36.
资产市场均衡的标准模型认为:公司股份的价值等于未来支出的当前贴现值。本文运用这一现值关系进行了巧妙的检验:比较了1870年到1979年间美国资本市场年度股票价格变动方差与公司红利支出方差。检验结果暗示:历史上股票价格的波动程度要远远大于红利支出的波动程度。这一经验发现引发了大范围的后续研究,这些研究涉及有效市场假说的许多方面,检验了资本市场上时间变化的折现率,并且考察了股市回报和企业支出的计量特性。
Shiller,  Robert  J.  1981.  “Do  Stock  Prices  Move  Too  Much  to  Be  Justified  by Subsequent Changes in Dividends?”  American Economic Review, 71 (3): 421–36.
Standard models of asset market equilibrium imply that the value of a share of corporate stock equals the present discounted value of that stock’s expected future payouts.  This  paper  applied  an  ingenious  test  of  this  present  value  relationship, which  compared  the  variance  of  annual  stock  price  movements  with  the  variance in corporate dividend payouts, to the US equity market for the period 1870–1979. The  results  suggested  that  historical  stock  price  volatility  was  much  greater  than the volatility of dividend payouts would appear to warrant. This empirical finding stimulated a wide range of follow-on research exploring various aspects of the effi-cient markets hypothesis, testing for time-varying discount rates in capital markets, and investigating the econometric properties of stock market returns and corporate payouts.

地板
piggy_yaya 学生认证  发表于 2013-9-26 16:50:28
谢谢分享,很受益。

7
zzr0702192 发表于 2013-10-19 00:26:57
好人哪!

8
谢王孙 发表于 2013-11-5 14:01:15
经典,确实经典

9
peter 发表于 2015-5-21 15:12:21
谢谢!

10
BLANK- 学生认证  发表于 2015-10-13 23:07:27
谢谢楼主!

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