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英文文献：The Static and Dynamic Benefits of Migration and Remittances in Nicaragua-尼加拉瓜移徙和汇款的静态和动态利益
英文文献作者：Lykke E. Andersen,Bent Jesper Christensen
英文文献摘要：
This paper utilizes a unique three-wave panel of household data from Nicaragua, which allows a thorough exploration of the relationships between migration, remittances and household consumption. The paper distinguishes between the effects of emigration and the impacts of remittances received. There is a self-selection bias in the decision to send a migrant, as well as in the decision to receive remittances. To adequately correct for these selection biases, we develop a bivariate selection correction procedure. Perhaps surprisingly, the results show that households do not benefit (in terms of higher consumption growth) from receiving remittances, but rather from having migrants abroad. This suggests that not only money are remitted from abroad, but also something more subtle, which could be business ideas, belief systems, aspirations, patterns of social interaction, and other intangibles, which have been dubbed social remittances.
本文利用了来自尼加拉瓜的独特的家庭数据三波面板，从而可以深入探讨移民、汇款和家庭消费之间的关系。本文对移民的影响和收到汇款的影响进行了区分。在决定是否派遣移徙者以及在决定是否接收汇款时，存在着自我选择的偏见。为了充分纠正这些选择偏差，我们开发了一个二元选择校正程序。或许令人惊讶的是，调查结果显示，接受汇款并不能让家庭受益(就更高的消费增长而言)，而是让移民移居国外。这表明，从国外汇来的不仅是钱，还有一些更微妙的东西，比如商业理念、信仰体系、抱负、社会互动模式以及其他无形的东西，这些东西被称为社会汇款。
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