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英文文献：Milestones of European Integration: Which matters most for Export Openness?-欧洲一体化的里程碑:哪个对出口开放最重要?
英文文献作者：Robinson Kruse,Sanne Hiller
英文文献摘要：
The European integration process has removed barriers to trade within Europe. We analyze which integration step has most profoundly influenced the trending behavior of export openness. We endogenously determine the single most decisive break in the trend, account for strong cross-country heterogeneity and propose a new measure for the strength of trend breaks. Highly open economies gain from both, monetary and real integration. In sharp contrast, less open economies do not benefit from real integration and even suffer from monetary integration. The major milestones for France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands are the Euro introduction, the Maastricht Treaty, the Exchange Rate Mechanism I and the merge of EFTA and EEC to the European Economic Area, respectively. Our empirical results have important implications for inner-European economic development, as export openness feeds back into growth, unemployment and income convergence.
欧洲一体化进程消除了欧洲内部的贸易壁垒。我们分析了哪一个一体化步骤对出口开放的趋势行为影响最大。我们内生地确定了趋势中最具决定性的单个断裂，解释了强烈的跨国异质性，并提出了一种新的衡量趋势断裂强度的方法。高度开放的经济体同时受益于货币和实际一体化。与之形成鲜明对比的是，开放程度较低的经济体不会从真正的一体化中受益，甚至会在货币一体化中遭受损失。法国、德国、意大利和荷兰的主要里程碑是欧元的引入、马斯特里赫特条约、汇率机制I和欧洲自由贸易联盟和欧洲经济共同体分别并入欧洲经济区。我们的实证结果对欧洲内部经济发展具有重要意义，因为出口开放会反作用于增长、失业和收入趋同。
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