《时代》杂志阅读笔记 (2) |
Iraq is not going to look like the U.S. anytime soon. That’s not a problem.
http://www.time.com/time/columnist/elliott/article/0,9565,563194,00.html
本篇文章主要探讨的是不同国家间的实现现代华的途径(The Many Ways of Being Modern )
由文章的副标题我们知道作者要谈得是时下相当热烙的话题:伊拉克美国化不是指日可待的。 接下去的一句是作者的观点:非美国化(not going to look like the U.S)没问题。
Thirty years ago, my girlfriend and I took an overnight ferry from Peraeus, the port of Athens, to Iraklion, on the island of Crete. After mooching around the Minoan ruins at Knossos, we hitchhiked to the wildly beautiful lands in the west of the island. The girlfriend became my wife, and every year or two since - 15 times in all - we’ve returned, to the same village, the same indescribable light, the same White Mountains, plunging into the same wine-dark sea.
文章的第一段和《时代》的许多ESSAY一样,由一件小事讲起。30年前,作者与女友远赴希腊都城雅典,漫步于克里特文化遗址(mooching around the Minoan ruins )感受古希腊文明的昔日辉煌。时过境迁,女友成了知己。为了纪念这那伟大的爱情,俩人15度故地重游。月光还是那么的迷人(indescribable light);山也还是那座山; 海也还是那条海
I wrote that we return “to the same village,” but, of course, over a generation, its physical and social structure has changed utterly. The village is now a suburb of the local town. Dirt tracks through the olive groves have become paved roads. Not long ago, it was a minor scandal when a girl student, walked around in a T Shirt and cut-off jeans; now local girls sunbathe in thong bikinis. What we first encountered as a peasant society, whose rhythms were agricultural and ritualistic, has become a wholly modern one.
风景依旧,人事有如何呢?答案是:变了。自然环境和社会的结构都发生了天翻地复的变化(physical and social structure has changed utterly)。旧时候的村落成了市郊,那穿过橄榄林的土路变成了柏油大道(Dirt tracks through the olive groves have become paved roads)。接下去慢慢进入主题:人和社会的变化。不久前,一个MM就因为穿了件T衫和一条剪去裤角的牛仔裤就成了当地人指指点点的新闻人物(a minor scandal)。可如今姑娘们是穿着三点式的泳衣去享受日光浴。昔日的农庄成了现代化的都市。
I’ve been thinking about the village since the Bush Administration’s decision to accelerate handing over sovereignty to a new Iraqi government. For here’s the thing about western Crete: it has become modern, but it hasn’t become American. I don’t simply mean that the obvious appurtenances of American life - fast food, SUVs, baseball, whatever - are absent, though they are. More important, American ideas, American heroes, American dreams are missing too. For many Cretans, for example, there is something incomprehensible about the U.S. President. “George Bush,” one old friend said to me last summer, “is always photographed next to soldiers. Why?”
作者由这一段起进入主题。他说自从布什政府宣布要加快脚步把伊拉克的主权交还给该国新政府之后,自己就开始琢磨那个希腊的小村落:现代化降临了,可人家没有全盘美国化呀。、美式快餐,房车,想到的,都没有呀。什么美国理念,美国英雄和美国梦想也没在那落地生根么。
至于为什么布总统老跟大兵歌合影倒一直是当地CRETANS人想解开的谜。
Over the next years, Iraq will similarly define modernity in its own terms and at is own pace. It will have a constitution - but not one like the U.S. Constitution, for it seems likely that the Iraqi document will recognize a special place for Islam in national life. Iraq will have modern state institutions, but they will not have a monopoly of legitimacy. For years, loyalty to the state will coexist with that owed to kin and tribe.
现代化降临到了希腊的小村落。将来的伊拉克又会是怎样呢?作者的回答是这么的:伊拉克也将和希腊的村落一样用自己的方法,以他们自己的节奏(in its own terms and at is own pace)来描绘现代化(define modernity )。此外,他们的宪法,也将不同与美国人的。伊拉克的宪法十有八九(it seems likely)会承认伊斯兰教在其国民生活中所占有的一席之地(will recognize a special place for Islam in national life)。伊拉克(和许多现代化国家一样),有自己的社会体系,但不会套用所谓的法律认可的合理垄断的做法。此外,对国家的忠诚将会和对家族与部落的忠诚一其共存( loyalty to the state will coexist with that owed to kin and tribe.
)。
There is nothing particularly surprised in this, but the sense of being modern without American can
be unsettling. Americans like to think that they have defined the modern world, for better and worse. Some Americans blame the U.S. for the woes of our age, form global warming to the rapacity of huge corporations. Other see American ideals - a commitment to freedom, say, or to limited government - as being universally inspiring. “America,” said U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on Sept.11 this year, “is truly the light of liberty and the hope of the world.”
这一段,作者首先指出出现(没有美国介入的现代化)这个情况是没什么好惊讶的(There is nothing particularly surprised in this)。当然,没有美国介入而实现的现代化有时是使有些美国人感到不安(unsettling)。美国人总是想当然地认为,不论好歹是他们为当今世界的发展奠定了基础。而有些美国人则认为如今的一些悲剧(the woes of our age),从全球温室效应到企业垄断都是由美国人一手造成的。还有一些美国人则对美国的价值观推重有加。他们认为美国在自由以及限制政府权力等议题上的持之以恒的追求(a commitment to freedom, say, or to limited government )是值得全人类效法的。美国的国防部长在911事件后发表的一次谈话中表示,美国是自由的光,世界的希望(the light of liberty and the hope of the world)。
But the claim for the global centrality of the American experience, good or bad, is arrogant and out of date. The U.S., for example, was once unique in the way that it had made a single nation out of emigrants from everywhere else. But now every great city is an immigrant city. You don’t have to go to New York City, as once you did, to find the shock of a happy Babel; you can enjoy it just as easily in London, Toronto, Hamburg or Sydney. Mass tourism which has been the most important modernizing force in the world for the past 25 years, is hardly an American phenomenon at all. It is European tourists, not Americans, who have transformed every place with a beach from Thailand to Tunisia.
这一段主要是作者对上一段中提到的一些人的论点的回应。作者认为美国中心论(the global centrality of the American experience)不仅傲慢而且陈旧过时(arrogant and out of date)他认为美国虽然是一个移民国家,但现在世界上个个城市都已如此。人们也不必一定得到纽约去体会喧哗的滋味,在伦敦,多伦多,照样可以做到。作者又指出,过去25年来的大规模的旅游活动成为了推动世界走向现代化的一股主要的力量(the most important modernizing force in the world )。当然是那些欧洲人而不是美国人在唱主角。
The distinguishing feature of American’s claim of epitomize modernity is not that it is true but that it is made. Americans use their history, from the Mayflower to Martin Luther King Jr., to fashion a narrative that what they imagine is an inspiration to all those outside their shores. No one else can do this or has shown much inclination to try. At the height of Japan’s economic power in the late 1980s, few Japanese ever claimed that they discovered a set of eternal truths of universal application. In any case, what would the texts of Japanese modernity have been? The instructions for a karaoke machine? Europeans, too, lack the inspiring symbols with which American history is littered. The Prisoners’ Chorus from Fidelio is no match for the Declaration of Independence.
这一段是文章的精华所在。首先,作者就美国人提出的“美国乃现代化楷模”(claim of epitomize modernity )的说法提出了自己的观点。他认为,问题的本质(distinguishing feature )是在于美国人的这种提法并不正确,他们以为利用从五月花到马丁路得金的历史点滴就足以让世人得到启发 -美国人只是自说自唱罢了(to fashion a narrative )。并没有多少人会这么去做,有这种念头去尝试的。日本在80年代末的经济鼎盛时期也没有多少人声称他们创造出了一套放之四海而皆准的真理。退一步说罢,那日本人的现代化的教材上又有什么可写的呢?卡啦OK机器说明书?回过头看看欧洲,他们的历史也没有多少与美国相似(lack the inspiring symbols with which American history is littered)。
But however attractive they may seem to be, American ideals can’t be ram down others’ throats. The Bush Administration’s aim to create democracies in the Islamic world is a noble one, but it will fail if the sole measure of its success is the extent to which those in Muslim lands eventually look like Americans. Not everyone wants Big Macs, 200 TV channels and the separation of church and state. Nations are capable of finding their own paths to modernity. That will be as true in Iraq as it has been in a village in the shadow of the White Mountains of western Crete. Americans need to get used to it.
不管美国人怎么地认为他们的理想是如何的感人,他们也不该把自己的理念强加于他人头上(ram down others’ throats)。布什政府想在一个伊斯兰教国家实现民主,出发点是好的。但是如果他们想把一块穆斯林土地变成美国的翻版则注定要失败的。并不是所有的人都想要大麦克,200频道电视节目和政教分离。不同的国家有各自的迈向现代化的步伐。在伊拉克是这样,在CRETE的小村庄也是如此。这一点美国人是要知道的。
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-1-3 22:38:47编辑过]


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