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英文文献：Technical efficiency differentials in rice production technologies in Nigeria-尼日利亚水稻生产技术的技术效率差异
英文文献作者：Olorunfemi O. Ogundele.,Victor O. Okoruwa
英文文献摘要：
This study examined technical efficiency differentials between farmers planting traditional rice varieties and those planting improved varieties in Nigeria. The study used a multistage random sampling procedure for the selection of 302 respondents comprising 160 traditional rice varieties and 142 improved rice varieties farmers across four major rice producing states in the country. The analytical techniques involved descriptive statistics and estimation of technical efficiency following maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure available in Frontier 4.1. The various tests of statistics carried out included the T-test for equality of means for input use, socio-economic characteristics and technical efficiency between the two groups of farmers, and the Levene test for equality of variances. Results from these analyses showed that significant increase recorded in output ofrice in the country could be traced mainly to area expansion. The use of some critical inputs such as fertilizer and herbicides by the farmers were found to be below recommended quantity per hectare. There was also significant difference in the use of such input as labour between the two groups of farmers. Other variables that tend to contribute to technical efficiency are hired labour, herbicides and seeds. Fertilizer, the most critical input required for increased production, was found not to have contributed significantly to technical efficiency. The estimated average technical efficiencies for the two groups were correspondingly high (>0.90), which indicated that there is little opportunity for increased efficiency given the present state of technology. The test of hypothesis on the differentials in technical efficiency between the two groups of farmers showed that there was no absolute differential. The lack of differential in technical efficiency between the two groups puts to question the much expected impact of the decades of rice development programmes in Nigeria. This study therefore recommendes that all forms of obstacles that could constrain the use of inputs should be removed. This should include complete liberalization of the procurement and distribution of such input and the development of some low-cost labour saving technologies to ease labour constraints on farms.
这项研究考察了尼日利亚种植传统水稻品种的农民和种植改良水稻品种的农民之间的技术效率差异。该研究采用多阶段随机抽样的方法，从302名受访者中选择了160个传统水稻品种和142个改良水稻品种的农民，这些农民分布在印度的四个主要水稻生产州。分析技术包括描述性统计和技术效率的估计，采用边界4.1中的最大似然估计(MLE)程序。所进行的各种统计检验包括两组农民之间投入使用、社会经济特征和技术效率均等性的t检验，以及方差均等性的Levene检验。这些分析的结果表明，我国水稻产量的显著增长主要是由于面积的扩大。研究发现，农民对化肥和除草剂等一些关键投入的使用低于每公顷推荐量。两组农民在劳动力等投入的使用上也存在显著差异。其他有助于提高技术效率的变量包括雇佣的劳动力、除草剂和种子。研究发现，化肥是提高产量所必需的最关键的投入，对技术效率并没有显著的贡献。这两个组的平均技术效率估计相应较高(>0.90)，这表明鉴于目前的技术状况，提高效率的机会很少。对两组农户技术效率差异假设的检验表明，两组农户技术效率差异不存在绝对差异。这两个组织在技术效率上缺乏差异，这让人们对尼日利亚几十年的水稻发展项目所产生的预期影响产生了疑问。因此，这项研究建议应消除可能限制投入使用的一切形式的障碍。这应包括彻底放开此类投入的采购和分配，发展一些低成本的节省劳动力技术，以减轻对农场的劳动力限制。
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