【重磅推荐】世行-Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urban

是 否 +2 论坛币

k人 参与回答

经管之家送您一份

应届毕业生专属福利!

求职就业群

赵安豆老师微信：zhaoandou666

经管之家联合CDA

送您一个全额奖学金名额~ !

立即领取

感谢您参与论坛问题回答

经管之家送您两个论坛币！

+2 论坛币

重磅推荐刚出炉的世行关于中国城市化的研究报告！一个总报告两个支撑报告，欢迎大家下载使用！
请各位下载时不吝给予评分，谢谢哟！

Urban China_ Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization - Overview.pdf (1.41 MB, 需要: 2 个论坛币)

2014-3-27 00:25:24 上传

需要: 2 个论坛币  [购买]

Urban China_ Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization - Spoorti.pdf (7.87 MB, 需要: 2 个论坛币)

2014-3-27 00:26:46 上传

需要: 2 个论坛币  [购买]

Urban China_ Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization - Support.pdf (6.07 MB, 需要: 2 个论坛币)

2014-3-27 00:27:37 上传

需要: 2 个论坛币  [购买]

详细介绍如下：STORY HIGHLIGHTS

• In the last 30 years, urbanization helped lift half a billion people in China out of poverty
• Urban strains caused by inefficient urban sprawl are showing
• New report lays out comprehensive reform agenda toward efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization
  

The joint report by the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council, Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive and Sustainable Urbanization, includes six priority areas for a new model of urbanization:

1. Reforming land management and institutions

• Because most of the urban expansion in recent years was on converted rural land, the report says currently the amount of farmland available is close to the “red line” of 120 million hectares, which is considered to be the minimum necessary to ensure food security.
• More efficient use of land will require stronger property rights for farmers, higher compensation for land requisition, new mechanisms for converting rural construction land to urban uses, and market-driven pricing for urban land allocation.
• Legal limits should be set up on rural land taken for public purposes by local governments.
  

2. Reforming the hukou household-registration system to provide equal access to quality services for all citizens and create a more mobile and versatile labor force

• The system should remove barriers to labor mobility from rural to urban areas, as well as between cities, to help boost workers’ wages.
  

3. Placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing, while creating financial discipline for local governments

• The report recommends moving to a revenue system that would ensure a higher portion of local expenditures is financed by local revenues, such as property taxes and higher charges for urban services.
  

4. Reforming urban planning and design

• In cities, basing the government prices for industrial land on market value can encourage land-intensive industries to move to smaller, secondary cities.
• Cities can also make better use of existing urban land through flexible zoning, with smaller plots and more mixed land use, which would lead to denser and more efficient urban development.
• Linking transport infrastructure with urban centers and promoting coordination among cities would encourage better management of congestion and pollution.
  

5. Managing environmental pressures

• China already has tough environmental laws, regulations and standards, so the most important task for achieving greener urbanization is enforcement.
• Market-based tools, such as taxes and trading systems for carbon, air and water pollution, and energy, can also be used more to meet environmental targets.
  

6. Improving local governance

• The performance evaluation system of local officials could be adjusted to give greater incentives for a more efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization process.
  

China’s urbanization challenges

The report comes as China is seeking a new urbanization approach. In the last 30 years, cities, with abundant labor, cheap land and good infrastructure, played a key role in lifting half a billion people out of poverty. While China has avoided slums, squalor and other common ills of urbanization, strains are showing, such as inefficient urban sprawl, rising inequality and environmental damages.

The amount of urban construction land, the report says, rose 58 percent in a decade, to 41,805 square kilometers in 2011. About 90 percent of that new urban land was taken from farmers with low compensation, often no more than 20 percent of market prices, the report says. If the trend continues, China would need to find 34,000 square kilometers – about the size of the Netherlands – to accommodate urban growth in the next decade.

The rural land conversion worsens the wealth inequality in China, which is now near the top by international comparison. The top 10 percent of Chinese households owns 85 percent of the country’s total assets, along with 57 percent of total income. The wealth disparities also increase social tensions.  In addition, the hukou registration system prevents migrants from receiving health care and other basic public services.

The low-density expansion, which leads to longer commutes, more private motorized trips and higher energy consumption, isn’t environmentally sustainable. The report says air pollution causes premature deaths, birth defects and other health problems that cost China as much as $300 billion a year. Water pollution, from sources such as domestic sewerage and livestock and poultry operations, is also a concern. About 57 percent of groundwater in 198 cities in 2012 was “bad” or “extremely bad,” according to government statistics. And the amount of municipal and industrial solid waste also more than doubled in seven years, to 2.6 billion tons in 2010.

Joint reports calls for comprehensive agenda led by land reform

To address those challenges, the report calls for comprehensive reforms in six areas, especially land management, environmental management and local finances. “Our close cooperation with the Development Research Center on this report has allowed us to combine our global knowledge on urbanization with an in-depth understanding of China’s policy challenge,” said Klaus Rohland, China country director for the World Bank. “The joint report will help guide China’s inexorable urbanization toward an outcome that improves the quality of life for China’s citizens.”

Key to the reform agenda is land, which determines how livable cities are, as well as the environmental impact and rural-urban income and wealth disparities, the report says. More efficient land use, along with a robust land registration system and higher compensation for rural residents, would likely lead to denser cities, while also shrinking the urban-rural gap. It also would reduce energy and car use in cities, and leave more land for agricultural production and environmental sustainability.

Already, some of China’s largest cities, including Beijing and Shanghai, are increasing their urban density, but more work is needed. If Guangzhou had the same density as Seoul, for example, 4.2 million more people could be accommodated, with shorter commuting distances.

In addition, denser urban planning would curb local governments’ reliance on land-based financing and limit the risk of unregulated borrowing. It would encourage market-driven land pricing and urban development, and help shift heavy industries to secondary and smaller cities. China also could integrate the market for rural and urban construction land, so local governments keep their functions in regulation, zoning and registration, but leave transactions to rural property rights holders and urban developers.

That transition would lead to lower government revenues from land transactions, forcing officials to look for new, stable revenues through measures such as property taxes and higher charges on water and other utilities. Environmental taxation and traffic-congestion charging could also raise revenues of up to 5 percent of global domestic product.

Those measures, along with tighter regulation on government borrowing, would make local governments more accountable. The report also suggests that China set up a municipal bond market to boost local financing. A level playing field, the report says, would discourage shadow banking, improve the quality of local government debt financing and support transparency and financial innovations.

More inclusive growth for migrants

The new revenues would help cities finance a minimum package of public services to migrants, increase the mobility of workers across China and increase their productivity and wages. In the medium term, with a subsidy from the central government to cities with the most number of migrants, reforms in basic public services and the public finance system could lead to a nationwide common service standard. Better access to housing finance would also help migrants buy urban property, reducing the growing rural-urban wealth gap, the report says.

Eventually, that would help China transition from the hukou household-registration system to one based on residency. Pension benefits should also become portable. Hukou and the residence system can operate in parallel, so migrants can retain their property rights in their hometowns.

One important element: local governments should be given incentives in their performance evaluation to enforce existing environmental laws and make sound decisions to foster an efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization process. Local governments can also improve their financial management and transparency with tools such as an expenditure framework and the disclosure of full financial accounts.

“As China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion, or more than 70 percent of the country’s population, by 2030, the new report lays out a new model of urbanization that is focused on quality, not quantity,” said Bert Hofman, chief economist for the Bank’s East Asia and Pacific Region. “It could help launch China onto the path of sustainable urbanization.”

扫码加我 拉你入群

请注明：姓名-公司-职位

以便审核进群资格，未注明则拒绝

分享5 收藏28 回帖

关键词：Sustainable Inclusive EFFICIENT SUSTAIN Toward China

China’s urbanization challenges

The report comes as China is seeking a new urbanization approach. In the last 30 years, cities, with abundant labor, cheap land and good infrastructure, played a key role in lifting half a billion people out of poverty. While China has avoided slums, squalor and other common ills of urbanization, strains are showing, such as inefficient urban sprawl, rising inequality and environmental damages.

The amount of urban construction land, the report says, rose 58 percent in a decade, to 41,805 square kilometers in 2011. About 90 percent of that new urban land was taken from farmers with low compensation, often no more than 20 percent of market prices, the report says. If the trend continues, China would need to find 34,000 square kilometers – about the size of the Netherlands – to accommodate urban growth in the next decade.

The rural land conversion worsens the wealth inequality in China, which is now near the top by international comparison. The top 10 percent of Chinese households owns 85 percent of the country’s total assets, along with 57 percent of total income. The wealth disparities also increase social tensions.  In addition, the hukou registration system prevents migrants from receiving health care and other basic public services.

The low-density expansion, which leads to longer commutes, more private motorized trips and higher energy consumption, isn’t environmentally sustainable. The report says air pollution causes premature deaths, birth defects and other health problems that cost China as much as $300 billion a year. Water pollution, from sources such as domestic sewerage and livestock and poultry operations, is also a concern. About 57 percent of groundwater in 198 cities in 2012 was “bad” or “extremely bad,” according to government statistics. And the amount of municipal and industrial solid waste also more than doubled in seven years, to 2.6 billion tons in 2010.

Joint reports calls for comprehensive agenda led by land reform

To address those challenges, the report calls for comprehensive reforms in six areas, especially land management, environmental management and local finances. “Our close cooperation with the Development Research Center on this report has allowed us to combine our global knowledge on urbanization with an in-depth understanding of China’s policy challenge,” said Klaus Rohland, China country director for the World Bank. “The joint report will help guide China’s inexorable urbanization toward an outcome that improves the quality of life for China’s citizens.”

Key to the reform agenda is land, which determines how livable cities are, as well as the environmental impact and rural-urban income and wealth disparities, the report says. More efficient land use, along with a robust land registration system and higher compensation for rural residents, would likely lead to denser cities, while also shrinking the urban-rural gap. It also would reduce energy and car use in cities, and leave more land for agricultural production and environmental sustainability.

Already, some of China’s largest cities, including Beijing and Shanghai, are increasing their urban density, but more work is needed. If Guangzhou had the same density as Seoul, for example, 4.2 million more people could be accommodated, with shorter commuting distances.

In addition, denser urban planning would curb local governments’ reliance on land-based financing and limit the risk of unregulated borrowing. It would encourage market-driven land pricing and urban development, and help shift heavy industries to secondary and smaller cities. China also could integrate the market for rural and urban construction land, so local governments keep their functions in regulation, zoning and registration, but leave transactions to rural property rights holders and urban developers.

That transition would lead to lower government revenues from land transactions, forcing officials to look for new, stable revenues through measures such as property taxes and higher charges on water and other utilities. Environmental taxation and traffic-congestion charging could also raise revenues of up to 5 percent of global domestic product.

Those measures, along with tighter regulation on government borrowing, would make local governments more accountable. The report also suggests that China set up a municipal bond market to boost local financing. A level playing field, the report says, would discourage shadow banking, improve the quality of local government debt financing and support transparency and financial innovations.

More inclusive growth for migrants

The new revenues would help cities finance a minimum package of public services to migrants, increase the mobility of workers across China and increase their productivity and wages. In the medium term, with a subsidy from the central government to cities with the most number of migrants, reforms in basic public services and the public finance system could lead to a nationwide common service standard. Better access to housing finance would also help migrants buy urban property, reducing the growing rural-urban wealth gap, the report says.

Eventually, that would help China transition from the hukou household-registration system to one based on residency. Pension benefits should also become portable. Hukou and the residence system can operate in parallel, so migrants can retain their property rights in their hometowns.

One important element: local governments should be given incentives in their performance evaluation to enforce existing environmental laws and make sound decisions to foster an efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization process. Local governments can also improve their financial management and transparency with tools such as an expenditure framework and the disclosure of full financial accounts.

“As China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion, or more than 70 percent of the country’s population, by 2030, the new report lays out a new model of urbanization that is focused on quality, not quantity,” said Bert Hofman, chief economist for the Bank’s East Asia and Pacific Region. “It could help launch China onto the path of sustainable urbanization.”

A new report recommends that China tackle environmental degradation and other strains of rapid urbanization by systematically changing how it allocates land, people and capital across the nation.

Building denser, rather than larger, cities, will help China cut down on traffic congestion, air and water pollution and the maintenance costs for infrastructure services, according to the report by the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council. With more efficient, denser cities China can save some $1.4 trillion in infrastructure spending - or 15 percent of last year's GDP. It also will help preserve the amount of farmland still available, currently close to the red line considered to be the minimum needed to ensure food security.

Cities may need temporary subsidies to help them transition from the hukou household registration system to one based on residency, allowing them to eventually provide 260 million migrants basic public services, the report says. It also calls for China to enforce existing environmental laws, regulate local government borrowing, and encourage cities to generate more revenue through measures such as property and car taxes.

“The comprehensive agenda will give China the necessary tools to move toward an efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization process,” said Axel van Trotsenburg, World Bank East Asia and Pacific regional vice president. “The proposed reforms would accelerate the shift of industry to secondary cities in China, reduce the migration pressure on large cities, and eventually lead to higher wages for its citizens and more equitable growth.”

First, land management and ownership are among the most pressing issues. Because so much farmland was converted for urban expansions, the amount of available farmland has dropped to the “red line” of what is considered to be the minimum necessary to ensure China’s food security. This trend must be reversed: Urbanization must no longer be driven by financing opportunities arising from land conversion.

Limits should be set up on rural land taken for public purposes by local governments. Efficient and equitable use and conversion of rural of land will require stronger property rights for farmers and appropriate compensation based on fair value. And urban land allocation needs to be driven by market prices as well.

Second, China needs a mobile and versatile labor force with equal access to quality services. The hukou system needs to evolve into a residency system over time. This will remove barriers to labor mobility from rural to urban areas, as well as between cities, and boost workers’ wages. I am very pleased to see that the authorities have already announced a reform of this system and its application.

Third, place urban finances on a more sustainable footing and create financial discipline for local governments. The recent audit of local Government debt is a call for action.

The Bank and the DRC recommend an overhaul of the intergovernmental grant and revenue system. In the future a higher portion of local expenditures needs to be financed through local revenues, such as phased-in property taxes and adequate charges for urban services. Transparent financing will impose financial discipline on local leadership, making them more accountable to residents. Local governments will borrow, but within strict central government rules to avoid over-indebtedness.

Fourth, reforming urban planning and design will be critical. Moving towards market-driven pricing for industrial land can encourage land-intensive industries to move to smaller, secondary cities. Cities could move to flexible zoning, with smaller plots and more mixed land use, which would make them denser and more efficient. To accord smaller cities a stronger economic base and increase services, zoning needs to shift away from industries toward commercial and residential use. Linking transport infrastructure with urban centers and promoting coordination among cities would encourage better management of congestion and pollution.

Fifth, environmental degradation needs to be halted and reversed. China already has tough environmental laws, regulations and standards. China has also piloted many technical solutions to address pollution and increase resource use efficiency for many years that could be brought to scale. Now the most important task for achieving greener urbanization is vigorous enforcement of those standards. At the heart of this are better institutions and incentives. Better data collection and sharing will encourage greater public participation in holding polluters accountable.

Sixth and finally, improving local governance. The performance evaluation of local officials should give greater weight and incentives to successful urbanization.

Why focus on urbanization?

We live in a rapidly urbanizing world. We are discussing China’s urbanization today. But let us be mindful that world at large will be urbanized during our lifetime. 2011 was the year when, for the first time in history more than 50 percent of the people lived in cities.

By 2030 the global urban population will have doubled, adding 2 billion more people to cities. The size of built-up areas will have tripled from what it was in 2000. Every year, 20 million Chinese move into cities. That is 1.8 million a month, the equivalent of the cities of Hamburg or Vienna.

If managed well, urbanization can create enormous opportunities: allowing innovation and new ideas to emerge, saving energy, land and natural resources, managing climate and the risk of disasters. Globally, almost 80 % of GDP is generated in cities. It will be difficult for any country to reach middle-income status and beyond without getting urbanization right.

Urbanization creates opportunities. But cities also consume around 70% of the world’s energy and account for nearly 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

As we think about new approaches to urbanization here in China, we are also providing solutions for other countries facing similar issues. China’s success in urbanization will lead the way for global solutions.

This type of sharing knowledge, capacity, and experience is vital to development success. We hope that the research we present today can and will be applied in cities like Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Mumbai, or elsewhere.

The challenges

Over the past three decades, about 260 million migrants moved to China’s cities. Many left poverty and farm work behind in favor of more productive and higher paying jobs. In 2030, just 16 years from now, up to 70 percent of all Chinese will live in cities. We are talking about one billion people who strive for success in functioning and sustainable urban settings.

China’s urbanization supported the country’s impressive growth and rapid economic transformation. And China avoided some of the common ills of urbanization, notably poverty, unemployment and slums. But despite the success, strains are starting to show. Many of them are familiar to you. Let me highlight the most pressing:

China’s growth has been driven by investment rather than productivity. But investment has become less effective in generating growth both in cities and nationwide.

Urbanization has relied on land conversion and land financing, which is causing urban sprawl and, on occasion, ghost towns and waste.

Land conversion has added to inequalities, and has fed social unrest among farmers whose land has been expropriated, especially in peri-urban areas.

Barriers to migration have kept China’s urbanization rate artificially low, curbing economic opportunities and widening urban-rural income inequality.

Citizens without urban household registration do not enjoy have equal access to public services in cities, another barrier to mobility.

Smog and poor water are putting the health of citizens and particularly their children at risk.

And finally, land-intensive urbanization has reduced farmland. It creates competition for water, adds to pollution, while undermining agricultural productivity and food security.

New Urbanization

This research provides a path for China that will be efficient, inclusive and sustainable. Through better allocation of land, labor, and capital this new model can share the benefits of urbanization more widely than in the past. And it can be environmentally sustainable while ensuring China’s food security.

This is why we call it New Urbanization.

In this new model the government will have a different role. It will support rather than supplant market forces. It will allow China’s cities to grow more organically and efficiently. New urbanization is not merely about bricks and mortar. It puts people at the center of the strategy.

New urbanization must be affordable and it will be. On current trends, China’s cities would spend some $5.3 trillion on infrastructure over the next fifteen years. But with more efficient, denser cities China can save some $1.4 trillion in infrastructure spending - or 15 percent of last year's GDP.

This report does not offer a simple textbook solution, but recognizes the political economy - specific to China. It outlines a comprehensive package of reforms, recognizing that the issues are closely intertwined. They have to be addressed comprehensively: Piecemeal reform will not solve the problems.

We have identified obstacles to reforms; suggest sequencing and quick wins – steps that can make change happen. We analyze short-term risks, and propose participatory approaches to generate support and connect decision makers and citizens.

Together with a better revenue structure, this provides the space for higher government spending on social services for all migrants, while local borrowing can be brought down to more sustainable levels.

I am very excited that the Chinese government is already implementing many of the recommendations of our joint study. It focuses firmly on overcoming obstacles arising from increasing inequality, urban pollution a slowdown of productivity and growth.

The vision is about people: providing services to all citizens in all cities, regardless of their residence permit; better city planning and better coordination with the interests of the people in mind.

The report includes six priority areas for a new model of urbanization:

Reforming land management and institutions. Because most of the urban expansion in recent years was on converted rural land, the report says currently the amount of farmland available is close to the “red line” of 120 million hectares, which is considered to be the minimum necessary to ensure food security.

More efficient use of land will require stronger property rights for farmers, higher compensation for land requisition, new mechanisms for converting rural construction land to urban uses, and market-driven pricing for urban land allocation. Legal limits should be set up on rural land taken for public purposes by local governments. The report also recommends market-based pricing for industrial land and shifting the zoning of industrial land to commercial and residential use. This would encourage the development of the services industry and provide a stronger economic base for smaller cities and lower housing costs.
Reforming the hukou household-registration system to provide equal access to quality services for all citizens and create a more mobile and versatile labor force. The hukou system needs to evolve into a residency system providing a minimum standard of public service to all residents. It should remove barriers to labor mobility from rural to urban areas, as well as between cities, to help boost workers’ wages.
Placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing, while creating financial discipline for local governments. The report recommends moving to a revenue system that would ensure a higher portion of local expenditures is financed by local revenues, such as property taxes and higher charges for urban services. Local governments, the report says, should be allowed to borrow directly, but within strict central government rules.
Reforming urban planning and design. In cities, basing the government prices for industrial land on market value can encourage land-intensive industries to move to smaller, secondary cities. Cities can also make better use of existing urban land through flexible zoning, with smaller plots and more mixed land use, which would lead to denser and more efficient urban development. Linking transport infrastructure with urban centers and promoting coordination among cities would encourage better management of congestion and pollution.
Managing environmental pressures. China already has tough environmental laws, regulations and standards, so the most important task for achieving greener urbanization is enforcement. Market-based tools, such as taxes and trading systems for carbon, air and water pollution, and energy, can also be used more to meet environmental targets. China needs to focus on “green governance” by improving institutions, as well as the incentives and instruments that enable better environmental management.
Improving local governance. The performance evaluation system of local officials could be adjusted to give greater incentives for a more efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanization process. Local governments can also improve their financial management and transparency with tools such as a medium-term expenditure framework and the full disclosure of financial accounts.

很好的资料，请大家下载使用吧！绝对值得拥有！

好资料需要大家共用才有效益！

大家一起努力，资料共享才有价值！若大家需要什么资料，可以告诉，我会尽力寻找，然后分享！

顶