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英文文献：The Impact of Health Changes on Labor Supply: Evidence from Merged Data on Individual Objective Medical Diagnosis Codes and Early Retirement Behavior-健康变化对劳动力供给的影响:来自个体客观医疗诊断规范和提前退休行为合并数据的证据
英文文献作者：Bent Jesper Christensen,Malene Kallestrup Lamb
英文文献摘要：
People quit the labor force for many different reasons, voluntarily or not, through various arrangements such as unemployment benefits, disability benefits or specially designed early retirement schemes. This paper complements the existing literature by considering a large, register-based sample including objective medical diagnosis codes. We estimate detailed hazard models of duration until retirement, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and nonparametric baseline hazards, as well as observed heterogeneity through time-varying explanatory variables. These include diagnosis codes, along with a host of demographic, labor market and financial regressors. The panel structure of the data allows following individuals year by year from the age of 50 and precisely measure changes in objectively measured health and other regressors, as well as labor market status. We consider 12 broad, mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories of health diagnoses defined by aggregation across ICD codes. The use of objective medical diagnosis codes should eliminate the justification bias due to self-reports of health, and the large sample size obtained by using register rather than survey data should mitigate the e¤ect of any remaining mismeasurement of true work incapacity. Together, these improvements should help distinguish empirically important effects of health and economic variables on retirement. We distinguish a number of alternative exit routes, in particular, disability, early retirement, unemployment, and others (including out of the labor force and welfare). We estimate both single risk models, lumping all retirement states, and competing risk specifications, including all separate exit routes. Throughout, females are included in the estimations, and we present separate results by gender. We find sizeable differences in retirement behavior across marital status, gender, labor market attachment, occupation, income, and in particular health. We find that the disability retirement exit route that requires specific medical criteria to be met is different from the early retirement route. The latter shares similarities with private pension schemes in a number of countries, including the U.S., where benefits are tied to previous wages, and employers also contribute to this retirement scheme. These differences are pronounced within labor market attachment, income, and in particular health. Furthermore, unemployment followed by early retirement is different from unemployment followed by other programs regarding marital status, gender, income, and health. These comparisons hinge on the competing risk framework. Finally, even when using objective medical diagnosis measures we still find significant effects from health on retirement. Thus, not all health impact on retirement reported in earlier literature was due to justification bias.
人们出于各种不同的原因，自愿或非自愿退出劳动力市场，通过各种安排，如失业福利、残疾福利或特别设计的提前退休计划。本文通过考虑包含客观医学诊断代码的大样本、基于注册的样本来补充现有文献。我们估计了退休前持续时间的详细危险模型，控制了未观察到的异质性和非参数基线危险，以及通过时变解释变量观察到的异质性。这些因素包括诊断代码，以及大量的人口统计学、劳动力市场和金融回归因素。数据的面板结构允许跟踪50岁以上的个人，并精确地衡量客观测量的健康和其他回归变量的变化，以及劳动力市场状况。我们考虑了ICD编码汇总定义的12个广泛、相互排斥和详尽的健康诊断类别。客观医学诊断码的使用应消除健康自我报告的理由偏倚，使用登记簿而非调查数据获得的大样本量应减轻对真实工作无能的任何剩余的错误测量。总之，这些改进有助于区分健康和经济变量对退休的重要实证影响。我们区分了许多替代的退出途径，特别是残疾、提前退休、失业和其他(包括退出劳动力和福利)。我们估计了单一风险模型(集合了所有的退休状态)和竞争风险规格(包括所有单独的退出路径)。在整个过程中，女性被包括在估计中，并且我们根据性别呈现不同的结果。我们发现，退休行为在婚姻状况、性别、劳动力市场依恋、职业、收入，尤其是健康方面存在很大差异。我们发现，需要满足特定医疗标准的残疾退休退出路径与提前退休路径不同。后者与包括美国在内的许多国家的私人养老金计划有相似之处，后者的福利与之前的工资挂钩，雇主也会为这种退休计划缴费。这些差异在劳动力市场依恋、收入、特别是健康方面表现得很明显。此外，失业后提前退休不同于失业后婚姻状况、性别、收入和健康方面的其他方案。这些比较取决于相互竞争的风险框架。最后，即使使用客观的医疗诊断措施，我们仍然发现健康对退休有显著的影响。因此，并非早期文献报道的所有对退休的健康影响都是由于正当偏见。
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