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英文文献：Alternative Dispute Resolution-替代性纠纷解决
英文文献作者：Paul Ngotho
英文文献摘要：
The delivery of new cities, large residential housing (including low-income schemes) and infrastructural projects in Africa have been delayed or stopped altogether by various types of disputes, for example, disputes between land owners and buyers, developers and contractors, developers and the financiers, developers and communities and disputes among the joint-venture partner. This paper will analyse the problem and propose solutions from an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) perspective with reference to the Arbitration Acts in use in various parts of Africa. It will highlight case studies of real estate projects that have been frustrated by such disputes and success stories in which ADR resolved disputes promptly. It will also discuss court cases in which courts have supported the use of ADR in resolving such disputes privately.International and regional international investors feel unsafe in national courts, which could be manipulated by their governments. In any case, courts take long to resolve the disputes, while the losing party typically prolongs the dispute by appealing to a higher court. Meanwhile, costs escalate while the housing deficit mounts.ADR is generally a creature of contract between the individual parties through ad hoc contracts. Large donor-funded projects typically incorporate the ADR procedures in use internationally, for example the FIDIC Contracts. Finally, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) have provisions for ADR. The paper will also define the various ADR procedures and comment on their suitability for use singly or in tandem in different scenarios.The legal recognition of mechanisms to resolve such disputes out of court through internationally recognised procedures boosts investor confidence among domestic, regional and international investors. So does a framework through which courts can enforce the decisions of the ADR procedures.ADR has generally been resolved by Europe-based dispute resolvers using procedures developed in Europe. This is likely to change following the emergence of ADR institutions in East and Central Africa. An attempt will be made to quantify the number of professional dispute resolvers in Africa.
交付的新城市,大型住宅(包括低收入计划)和在非洲的基础设施项目已经完全被推迟或停止通过各种类型的纠纷,例如,土地所有者和买家之间的纠纷,开发商和承包商,开发商和金融家,开发商和社区和合资伙伴之间的纷争。本文将从ADR的角度分析这一问题，并结合非洲各地的仲裁行为提出解决方案。本课程将重点介绍因此类纠纷而受挫的房地产项目案例研究，以及ADR迅速解决纠纷的成功案例。它还将讨论法院支持使用ADR私下解决此类纠纷的案件。国际和地区国际投资者在本国法庭上感到不安，因为这些法庭可能被本国政府操纵。在任何情况下，法院都要花很长时间来解决争端，而败诉一方通常会向更高一级法院上诉，从而延长争端。与此同时，成本上升，住房赤字增加。ADR通常是当事人之间通过临时合同订立的合同。大型捐助者资助的项目通常在国际上使用ADR程序，例如FIDIC合同。最后，双边投资条约(BITs)对ADR有规定。本文还将定义各种ADR程序，并对它们在不同情况下单独或联合使用的适用性进行评论。通过国际认可的程序在法庭外解决此类纠纷的机制在法律上得到承认，增强了国内、地区和国际投资者的信心。还有一个框架，通过这个框架法院可以执行ADR程序的决定。ADR一般由欧洲的纠纷解决机构使用欧洲开发的程序来解决。随着东非和中非ADR机构的出现，这种情况可能会发生改变。将设法确定非洲专业争端解决者的数量。
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